Ecology: Exploring Organisms and Environments

1. A branch of science concerned with the relationship of organisms with their environments. Clip Ecology

2. Factors in the Ecosystem ___________ • Biotic: all of the ___________ things in an ecosystem _____________ ___________ • Abiotic: all of the ____________ things in an ecosystem ________________ _____________ _____________

3. Biotic Abiotic

4. Levels of Organization • __________ • __________ • __________ • __________ • __________

5. ___________ _________ ____________

6. Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Clip • Energy cannot be ________ or ________ it is only changed from one form to another • Energy _______ through an ecosystem......w/the main source being ... the _______

7. Energy flows in ____ direction: _______ to ______________ to ________________

8. Producers • Plants,some algae, some bacteria • They can make their own “______” from the sun. • They are also called ___________. • Photoautotrophs- food from ____ • Chemioautotrophes- food from _________

9. Consumers Organisms that cannot make their own food are called __________________. • _____________ consumers (herbivores) feed directly on ___________ or other producers. • _____________ consumers (carnivores) feed only on ____________consumers (herbivores). • ____________ or higher level consumersfeed only on _________-eating animals (carnivores). • ______________-can eat ______ plants and animals. Examples are pigs, rats, cockroaches, and humans. 12

10. Detritivores: (decomposers and detritus feeders) live off parts of _______ organisms and waste of living organisms. • Decomposers : obtain _________ from dead organic matter 13

11. Food Chains • Series of _______ in an ecosystem where organisms transfer ____________ by eating and being eaten. 21

12. ________ _________ ________ _________ ________ _________ ________ 22

13. Clip • Each step in the food web is called a ____________ LEVEL • 1st trophic level = _________________ • 2, 3, 4th trophic level = _________________ • Each consumer depends on trophic level _________ for energy • ___ (eaten by)→ ___ 15

14. 17

15. ENERGY PYRAMID • Shows AMOUNT OF ______________ in each ___________ level of a food chain or food web • Only _____ of the energy is passed on to the next ___________ level 14

16. Only ____% of energy is passed on to the next trophic level. 18

17. Clip ______________ have the most energy available 20

18. Niche • Niche- ______ of a species in its habitat • Like different baseball player positions • A species' niche includes: • a. ___________- where it lives in the ecosystem • b. _______________- all interactions with other species in the ecosystem • c. _____________- its method of obtaining food. 11

19. No two species can occupy the ________ niche. This would lead to __________. 12

20. Community Interactions 1. ____________ 2. ____________ 3. ____________ 27

21. COMPETITION * OCCURS WHEN ORGANISMS ATTEMPT TO USE SAME __________- A WINNER AND A LOSER *COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE- NO TWO SPECIES CAN OCCUPY ___________ _______________

22. Predation • Food Webs contain ____________ and _________ relationships • Predator = ________ and ________ • Prey = ________ Clip 32

23. Symbiosis • “Living Together” • 3 Types 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 28

24. Mutualism _________ species ________. • Ex- Clownfish and Anemone 29

25. Commensalism One member _________ and the other is ____ helped or harmed. • Ex- Whale and Barnacle 30

26. Parasitism one organism __________ and the other is ___________ Ex- tick and a dog 31

27. 51 • Ecosystems are constantly ___________ in response to _______ and _______ disturbances. • Ecological ______________ is the change that occurs

28. 52 Two types of ecological Succession: • __________ Succession • ___________Succession

29. Primary succession 1. Begins with _________ 2. Generally _____, many 1000s years 3. __________ eruptions, bare ____ 4. _________ Species 53

30. 55 Pioneer Species ______ species to populate the area. MOSS Clip

31. 58 Secondary Succession • Reestablishment after _______________ • ________

32. 59 • The following natural disasters (disturbances) lead to secondary succession • A) ___________ ______________ • B) Climatic Conditions - ____________, __________, drought, windstorms, etc........ • C) ___________ Disturbance - Roadsides, clear cutting, yards, etc..........

33. 62 Primary or Secondary?

34. 57 Primary or Secondary?

35. 64 • ______________ Community: • Thought to be the ____________, final result of ecological succession • But it is ________ permanent- can change due to climate or intro of nonnative species

36. Populations • 3 Characteristics 1. _______________ Distribution- area inhabited 2. _________- # of individuals in an area 3. _________ Rate 36

37. DENSITY *Low Density *High Density

38. 65 Limiting Factors in an Ecosystem things that ________ a population from ________ any larger. Density-_____________ Growth depends on ___ individuals in population Competition-Predation-Crowding/Stress-Food, Density-_____________ Growth _________ depend on # individuals in population Weather-Fires-Floods

39. GROWTH RATE • Affected by: 1. ___________ 2. ___________ 3. _________ or __________ a Population

40. GROWTH RATE Births > Death = __________ Births = Death = ________ Births < Death = __________

41. 68 Exponential growth Occurs when: Populations reproduce at ____________ rate Not limited by ___________ or ___________

42. 70 Logistic growth *More ______________ *Food and disease are important when areas become too _______ (limiting factors)‏ *Carrying Capacity- the ____ individuals an environment can __________ based on ______________

44. RESOURCES • ___________- something used to take care of a need • TYPES: 1. _____ Renewable- can’t be replenished Ex: fossil fuel coal, oil, natural gas 2. ______________- are replacable Ex: fresh water, trees

45. 73 Threats to Diversity ______________ refers to the __________ of species, ecosystems, and the genetic variation. • Over-_____________ • Habitat ______ • Invasion of ________ species • ___________ • __________ change

46. 71 Pollution • Caused by ___________ impact on the environment • Affects _____, ________, land, and organisms • Ex: DDT as pesticide

47. Global Warming • Greenhouse effect clip • Increase in ____________ of Biosphere • Caused by more _____ and _________ gases in the atmosphere → hold in heat from _____

48. Acid Rain • _________________ are released in atmosphere → Combine with ______ • Kill plants, pollutes water

49. BIOMAGNIFICATION • Any contaminate found in an ecosystem becomes increasingly dangerous as you move up the food chain or food web. • EXAMPLE: Who will be the most contaminated by a dangerous pesticide? grass → mouse → snake → hawk ANSWER: _____________

50. http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/ecology.html • http://bio.colstate.edu/hendricks/images/Envs1105/Autotrophs.gif • http://www.stoller-eser.com/trial/colorbook/food_web.html • http://www.willamette.edu/~broesler/riverweb/s35.jpg • http://www.arcytech.org/java/population/facts_foodchain.html