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Information Superiority Workshop II: Focus on Metrics Groups I and II: Attributes and Metrics for Awareness and Shared Awareness. Group Chairs: John J. Garstka, JCS/J6Q Dr. Richard Hayes, EBR, Inc. Dr. Larry Wiener, OPNAV/N6C. Final Report: 5 July 2000. Overview.
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Group Chairs:
John J. Garstka, JCS/J6Q
Dr. Richard Hayes, EBR, Inc.
Dr. Larry Wiener, OPNAV/N6C
Final Report: 5 July 2000
speed
distance per unit time
mph, kph
mph in U.S.
air pressure
value of time
Attribute of Interest:
• Variable that is key to understanding.
Metric:
• An operational definition of an attribute.
Measure:
• A specific application of a metric.
Standard:
• The agreed to unit of and approach to
measuring an attribute.
Indicant:
•A surrogate measure used for
practical reasons.
Value
•A relative measure of worth
Awareness
Knowledge
BattlespaceNetwork-intensive
People-intensive
Requires Knowledge-Based Processes and Workforce
World View
Body of Personal Knowledge
Experience/ Training
Individual Capabilities
Cognitive Domain
Information Domain
Knowledge of Situation
Information
Data
Human
Perception
Reality
The Cognitive Domain: Perception of Ground Truth
Based on Interaction with Information Domain
and Direct Observation of Physical Domain
The Information Domain
“Digital Format”
“Paper Format”
The Physical Domain: “Ground Truth”
The Cognitive Domain:
Shared Awareness
The Information Domain
Shared Information
The Physical Domain: “Ground Truth”
Blue Cognitive Domain
Blue
Blue Information Domain
Relative
Information
Advantage
The Physical Domain:
Competitive Advantage - Combat Power
Red Information Domain
Red
Red Cognitive Domain
Blue Cognitive Domain
Defensive
Info Ops
Blue Information Domain
Relative
Information
Advantage
Offensive
Info Ops
The Physical Domain
Offensive
Info Ops
Red Information Domain
Red Cognitive Domain
Blue Cognitive Domain
Blue Information Domain
“The Situation”
Relative
Information
Advantage
The Physical Domain
Red Information Domain
Red Cognitive Domain
Time & Space
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
i
s
s
I
o
n
Red
Blue
The Situation
Other
Opportunities & Risks
Patterns
Risk
Capabilities
Blue Estimate
of Adversary
Intent
Personal
Subjective
Situational
Awareness
“Assessment”
Applied
Knowledge
Opportunities
Tactics,
Techniques,
Procedures
Cognitive
Domain
Training
State
Information
on Objects
Act
Information
Domain
Objects
Physical
Domain
Cognitive
Domain
Shared Awareness
Information Sharing
Information
Domain
Direct
Sensing
Indirect
Sensing
Reality
Action
Shared Awareness
Awareness
Cognitive
Domain
Human 1
Cognitive Domain
Data 1
View 1
Voice 1
Digital
Info
Domain
Information
Domain
Com: Voice
Com: Data
Organic
Sensors
Physical Domain
Shared Awareness
Human 1
Human 1
Human 1
Cognitive Domain
Cognitive Domain
Cognitive Domain
Data 1
Data 1
Data 1
View 1
View 1
View 1
Voice 1
Voice 1
Voice 1
Shared
Information
Digital
Info
Domain
Digital
Info
Domain
Digital
Info
Domain
Com: Voice
Com: Voice
Com: Voice
Com: Data
Com: Data
Com: Data
Organic
Sensors
Organic
Sensors
Organic
Sensors
Physical Domain
Information
“Richness”
Network-
Centric
Operations
.
Platform-Centric
Operations
.
.
Information
“Reach”
Richness and reach were introduced by Phillip B. Evans and Thomas S. Wurster, “Strategy and the New Economics of
Information,” Harvard Business Review, September-October 1997.
Richness and reach were introduced by Phillip B. Evans and Thomas S. Wurster, “Strategy and the New Economics of
Information,” Harvard Business Review, September-October 1997.
Richness of Interaction
(Voice / Data / Video)
Information
Completeness
Trust and Confidence
in Information
Information
Commonality
and Consistency
Information
Relevance
“Why”
Object State Information
- Identification
- Classification
- Location
Information
Timeliness
“What”
Information
Accuracy
“When”
“Who”
“Where”
Source: Representative Measures of a Single Integrated Air Picture (SIAP)
Geographic
Range
of Sharing
Sharing by Availability
(24x7)
Access
(Search/Navigation)
Sharing By
Number of
Nodes
Sharing By
Allied / Coalition
Sharing By
Security Level
Sharing
By Component /
Echelon
Capability for
Multi-actor Interactions
Application of the Reference Model
* Link-16: Shared Battlespace
Awareness
Information
“Richness”
* E-3 AWACS
* F-15C
Network-
Centric
Operations
.
Platform-Centric
Operations
.
.
Information
“Reach”
Adversary
Aircraft
Blue Aircraft’s
Organic Sensor
X
X
X
X
X
Blue Aircraft
X
Heads-up Display with Platform-Centric Operations
08
09
10
1500
400
5
5
1000
450
500
500
5
5
10
10
X FRIENDLY
TARGET
Reference Model: Air to Air MissionShared Awareness
Human 1
Human 1
Cognitive Domain
Cognitive Domain
Data 1
Data 1
View 1
View 1
Voice 1
Voice 1
Shared
Information
Digital
Info
Domain
Digital
Info
Domain
Com: Voice
Com: Voice
Warfighter “View”
which results
from sharing info
via voice only
communications
Com: Data
Com: Data
Organic
Sensors
Organic
Sensors
Physical Domain
X
X
X
X
X
Heads-up Display with Network-Centric Operations
08
09
10
1500
400
5
5
1000
450
500
500
5
5
10
10
X FRIENDLY
TARGET
Reference Model: Air-to-Air MissionShared Awareness
Human 1
Human 1
Cognitive Domain
Cognitive Domain
Data 1
Data 1
View 1
View 1
Voice 1
Voice 1
Shared
Information
Digital
Info
Domain
Digital
Info
Domain
Com: Voice
Com: Voice
Warfighter “View”
which results
from sharing info
via voice and data
communications
Com: Data
Com: Data
Organic
Sensors
Organic
Sensors
Physical Domain
Measuring a Relative Information Advantage
Case Where Info Needs are Approximately Symmetric
100%
Blue Info Position
*
Blue
(xB, yB)
Y: Percentage of Own Force
Correctly Typed and Tracked
within Sphere of Radius R1
Y
Blue/Red
Info Needs
*
(xR, yR)
Red
Red Info Position
0
X
100%
X : Percentage of Adversary Force
Correctly Typed and Tracked
within Sphere of Radius R1
Info Advantage = f ((xB, yB), (xR, yR))
F15-C Air Ops: Active Missile Counter Tactics
Without JTIDS/With JTIDS
The Bottom Line: JTIDS Operational Special Project
demonstrated networked air crews
fighting with shared awareness
could increase combat power by
over 200 %
Source: JTIDS Operational Special Project - Report to Congress, Dec 97
Velocity
of Info
Data
Network
Awareness of Blue (Y)
Voice
Network
Awareness of Red (X)
*
3.10:1
8.11:1
*
Self Synch
Kill Ratio
OPTEMPO
2.6 x increase
Extracts from JTIDS Operational Special Project Report to Congress (Cont.)
2.61 x increase
2.59 x increase
Section 4.3: Tactics Adaptation and Section 5.0: Conclusions
(3) The mean range at which initial detection (by sensor type: Search radar, Fire control radar, ESM, IFF, Visual, etc) was made compared to the predicted range (considering RCS, environmentals, radar Horizon, etc). (This is a chart)
[range at which detection of the vehicle/formation was made (by sensor) in a given environment
divided by the predicted sensor detection range of the vehicle/formation (in a given environment)]
divided by
# of vehicles/formations
Note: Multiple objects that are part of a formation not discriminated by the force sensors will be counted as only one ground truth vehicle (until the formation breaks)
c. Attribute: Correctness
(1) Percentage of time tracking false tracks (for each individual unit and for all links)
the duration of all false tracks
the duration of all tracks
(2) Mean track positional accuracy/errors of sensors
of the difference between sensor positional and kinematics data of air and space vehicles and the 3D positional and kinematics truth data for air and space vehicles
divided by # of track updates
(3) For false tracks, mean time from Track Start to Drop Track tracks (for each individual unit and for all links)
[Time (Drop track) minus Time (Track Start)]
Number of false tracks
Information Domain
Information Domain
Information Domain
Information Domain
Cognitive Domain
Cognitive Domain
Cognitive Domain
Human 1
Human 2
Human 4
Human 3
View 4
View 3
View 2
View 1
Shared AwarenessSituation
“Physical Domain”
Organic
Sensors
Organic
Sensors
Organic
Sensors
Organic
Sensors
Voice
Voice
Voice
Shared Awareness
Information Domain
Information Domain
Information Domain
Information Domain
Cognitive Domain
Cognitive Domain
Cognitive Domain
Human 2
Human 3
Human 1
Human 4
View 1
View 2
View 3
View 4
Shared AwarenessSituation
“Physical Domain”
Organic
Sensors
Organic
Sensors
Organic
Sensors
Organic
Sensors
Shared Awareness
Critical Operational Issue (COI) #2:
Evaluate the Naval Force’s capability (operating independently or as part of a Joint/Combined Force) to detect and maintain a single and continuous trackon each air and space vehicle within the assigned battlespace.
A. Measure of Effectiveness (MOE ) #1:
Determine the capability of the Naval Force to detect and create a firm track for each air and space vehicle within the assigned battlespace.
1. Measures of Performance (MOP) Follow:
a. Attribute: Completeness:
(1) % of air and space vehicles detected in the assigned battlespace
Number of Air & Space Vehicles detected
Number of Ground Truth Air & Space Vehicles
(2) Mean % of time an air or space vehicle was detected and tracked in the assigned battlespace
Time air or space vehicle/formation was detected and tracked
divided by
Time air or space vehicle/formation was in the assigned Battlespace
b. Attribute: Timeliness
(1) Mean time from air or space vehicle entry into the assigned battlespace to initial detection by each unit
Max [(Time initial detection was made minus time air or space vehicle/formations entered the assigned battlespace),0] divided by
Total number of vehicles/formations
(2) Mean time to firm track
[ [Time (Track transitioned to firm track)]
minus
[Time (Initial Detection was made)]
Total number of vehicles]