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Fundamentals of Object-Oriented Programming in C++

Learn the basics of object-oriented programming in C++, covering objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and more, including syntax and key features like constructors and exceptions. Dive into the C++ language features supporting OOP, such as templates, operator overloading, and string handling with the String Class. This comprehensive guide includes the Big Three concepts, type conversion, and best practices for creating robust programs in C++.

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Fundamentals of Object-Oriented Programming in C++

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  1. Chapter 2Objects and Classes Bernard Chen Spring 2006

  2. 2.1 What is OO programming? • Object: an atomic unit that has structure and state • Information hiding: Black-box analogy • Encapsulation: grouping of data and functions • Inheritance: mechanism allows extending functionality of an object.

  3. How does C++ support OO • Template: the logic is independent of the type • Inheritance • Polymorphism: allows us to implement new types (classes) that share same logic

  4. 2.2 Basic Class Syntax • Class members: either data or functions and categorized into either public, protected,or private. • Public: visible to an instance of (object) a class • Private: visible only inside an instance of a class • Protected: similar to private but visible to derived classes. • Default: all members are private

  5. Constructors • Member functions that describe how an object is declared and initialized. • If no constructor defined, compilers will generate one called default constructor. • Explicit constructors prevent automatic type conversion.

  6. Constant Member Function • Constant functions (accessors) : functions that do not change any data member. • const is a part of the function signature. [const] return_type name([const] parameter_list) [const]; • Interface: describes what can be done to the object, i.e. the header. • Implementation: represents internal processes specified by the interface.

  7. Big three: Destructor, Copy Constructor, and Operator = •Destructor tells how an object is destroyed and freesdresources when it exists scope. ~IntCell(); •Copy Constructor allows a new object construct using the data in an existing one. IntCella(5); // a new IntCellcall a IntCellb(a); // another IntCellcall b •Operator = copy assignment, copies data members using = by default.=> may cause shallow copying.

  8. This (predefine pointer)

  9. 2.3 Additional C++ Features • Operator overloading: extending the types to which an operator can be applied. example: string x=“Mary’s score is:”; int y=95; string z=x+y; • “.”, “.*”, “?:”, “sizeof” can’t be overloaded

  10. Additional C++ Features • Type conversion creates a temporary object of a new type– Example: int a = 5; double b = a; //implicit cast

  11. 2.5 Exceptions (report error) • An object that stores information transmitted outside the normal return sequence and is used to signal exceptional occurrences • Handle exceptions by throw and catch clauses.

  12. Exceptions example try { for (intn=0; n<=10; n++) { if (n>9) throw "Out of range"; } } catch (char * str) { cout<< "Exception: " << str<< endl; }

  13. 2.6 String Class • C string: array of character terminated by ‘\0’ • C++ standard string: a STL class with all overload operators and built-in functions • http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/compsci/docs/string.html

  14. Summary • Construction/ destruction of objects • Copy semantics • Overloading • Implicit/explicit type conversion • Information hiding/atomicity

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