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Genetic Concepts: Chromosomes, Genes, and Inheritance

Learn about the structure and function of chromosomes, genes, and how they determine our inherited traits. Explore the concept of DNA and RNA and understand the role they play in genetic information. Suitable for biology students of all levels.

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Genetic Concepts: Chromosomes, Genes, and Inheritance

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  1. GENETIC CONCEPTS Výukový materiál GE 02 - 38 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR TERCIE 2014

  2. chromosome: • created by DNA molecules • molecules are helically coiled • they are coiling around proteins • proteins are called histons • in their mass is hidden program for formation of cells in the body GENETIC CONCEPTS

  3. chromosomes: • in the nucleus of somatic (body) cell there are two chromosome sets • one set of male origin • one set of female origin • each chromosome is actually twice here GENETIC CONCEPTS

  4. one chromosome originates from the mother • the other chromosome originates from the father • each chromosome has already made a copy (DNA replication) • woman has sex chromosomes identical XX • man has sex chromosomes different XY • sex of an individual is determined by the sperm that fertilizes the egg GENETIC CONCEPTS

  5. chromosome is visible in the electron microscope • best visible by the cell division • cell division : mitosis or meiosis • typical for organism: number, shape and size • so called karyotype GENETIC CONCEPTS

  6. in the nucleus of somatic (body) cell there are 46 chromosomes 2 sets of 23 chromosomes > they make up pairs • in the nucleus of sex cell (gamete) there are 23 chromosomes • gametes originate in sexual organs • they originate by a special division = reduction division = meiosis GENETIC CONCEPTS

  7. result of the reduction division is only one set of chromosomes • usual condition (46 chromosomes) arises after fusion of nuclei • fertilization > restoration duplication of genetic information • one gene of male and one of female origin give rise to a particular feature GENETIC CONCEPTS

  8. features: • all what is the difference between the organisms • > their structure and properties • features are the concrete expression of our inherited talents • features are e.g.: • body height • skeleton structure • hair colour, colour of eyes • artificial talent GENETIC CONCEPTS

  9. genes: • basic unit of heredity • genes • differently long sections of nucleic acid • 2 types • DNA • RNA GENETIC CONCEPTS

  10. DNA: • right-handed double helix • is to be found: • in the nucleus • in mitochondria • in chloroplasts • v cytoplasm by prokaryotic cells • they can copy or replicate themselves GENETIC CONCEPTS

  11. RNA • 3 types of RNA: • mRNA - arises by transcription from DNA • rRNA - forms ribosome • tRNA - transfers aminoacids GENETIC CONCEPTS

  12. WORKSHEET IS THIS DNA OR RNA ?

  13. HANČOVÁ, Hana. Biologie v kostce 1: Obecná biologie. Mikrobiologie. Botanika. Mykologie. Ekologie. Genetika. 2. vyd. Havlíčkův Brod: Fragment, 1999, 112 s. ISBN 80-720-0340-2. • DOBRORUKA, Luděk J. Přírodopis: Obecná biologie. Mikrobiologie. Botanika. Mykologie. Ekologie. Genetika. 1. vyd. Praha: Scientia, 2000, 159 s. ISBN 80-718-3167-0. SOURCES

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