Establishment of the British Colonies in America

1. Establishment of the British Colonies in America

2. Why did settlers come to America? Population increase in Europe Desire for new goods Centralized political authority New technology Increased education level Mercantilism Wealth, fame and adventure Persecution Have students consider what factors would cause them to leave their home and move to another country Factors that led to an interest in the world outside of Europe: population increase : more people meant more people to farm the land and landowners saw more profit leaving them wanting for luxuries to spend the money on, also led to overcrowding in the cities and less availability for people to own land Desire for new goods: the emergence of the middle class led to a group of people who were interested in spices, materials and other goods from different parts of the world More centralized political authority, less emphasis on the feudal lords, new leaders were interested in building armies and expanding territory, giving some people the opportunity to move and around and see more of the world increased technology: better maps, printing press increased education level- people realized that the world was round, better understanding of the larger world Mercantilism- economic system based on the belief that the there was a fixed amount of money in the world. It caused nations to want to have colonies to use for raw materials and as a market for finished products Hope for wealth, fame and/or adventure- A lot of the people who came to the New World were simply bored and looking to get rich and have the adventure of a life time. Persecution- Several religious groups were persecuted in England and saw the New World as a way to escape and start their own settlements Have students consider what factors would cause them to leave their home and move to another country Factors that led to an interest in the world outside of Europe: population increase : more people meant more people to farm the land and landowners saw more profit leaving them wanting for luxuries to spend the money on, also led to overcrowding in the cities and less availability for people to own land Desire for new goods: the emergence of the middle class led to a group of people who were interested in spices, materials and other goods from different parts of the world More centralized political authority, less emphasis on the feudal lords, new leaders were interested in building armies and expanding territory, giving some people the opportunity to move and around and see more of the world increased technology: better maps, printing press increased education level- people realized that the world was round, better understanding of the larger world Mercantilism- economic system based on the belief that the there was a fixed amount of money in the world. It caused nations to want to have colonies to use for raw materials and as a market for finished products Hope for wealth, fame and/or adventure- A lot of the people who came to the New World were simply bored and looking to get rich and have the adventure of a life time. Persecution- Several religious groups were persecuted in England and saw the New World as a way to escape and start their own settlements

3. Native Americans Family Life Farming Religion Beliefs about Land Native American Life- Have students analyze the pictures and determine what they can learn about the tribes that the settlers at Jamestown encountered. (They farmed, they built homes, they hunted, lived in small communities, ate communally, practiced rituals, used bow and arrows) How does this differ from the traditional view of an “Indian?” The British settlers encountered Algonquin tribes who all spoke the same language but had different dialects which made it hard for them to communicate. The tribes tended to live in small isolated groups but did interact and trade with each other. Family Life- did not have as strict gender roles as the settlers. Women were responsible for the farming. Men did hunting and fishing. Strong sense of community and cooperation. Farming- They farmed the land but were also hunters and gatherers. Religion- Based on nature, although each tribe had different beliefs, many had rituals they performed for significant events (harvest, births, etc) Beliefs about the land- They did not believe that anyone could own land but instead it was available for everyone’s use.Native American Life- Have students analyze the pictures and determine what they can learn about the tribes that the settlers at Jamestown encountered. (They farmed, they built homes, they hunted, lived in small communities, ate communally, practiced rituals, used bow and arrows) How does this differ from the traditional view of an “Indian?” The British settlers encountered Algonquin tribes who all spoke the same language but had different dialects which made it hard for them to communicate. The tribes tended to live in small isolated groups but did interact and trade with each other. Family Life- did not have as strict gender roles as the settlers. Women were responsible for the farming. Men did hunting and fishing. Strong sense of community and cooperation. Farming- They farmed the land but were also hunters and gatherers. Religion- Based on nature, although each tribe had different beliefs, many had rituals they performed for significant events (harvest, births, etc) Beliefs about the land- They did not believe that anyone could own land but instead it was available for everyone’s use.

4. Types of Colonies Royal Colonies Proprietary Colonies Charter Colonies First Attempts at Colonies Sir Walter Raleigh Lost Colony Types of Colonies Royal- (Massachusetts, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, New Jersey, and New Hampshire) King appoints the governor, bicameral legislature with upper house appointed by king and lower house elected by the people, all laws must be approved by the king Proprietary- (Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware) control of a colony is given to an individual by the king, this proprietor is responsible for the governance of the colony Charter- (Rhode Island, Connecticut) control of the colony is given to the people who live there so it is totally self governing. They can elect their leaders and pass laws without approval from the king. First Attempts at Colonization Sir Walter Raleigh visited the New World in 1584 and claimed the land for England, naming it Virginia after Elizabeth (the land had previously been claimed by Spain) Elizabeth privately funded Raleigh but publicly chastised him for taking over “Spanish” land (she did not want to get into a confrontation with King Philip of Spain). Raleigh promoted the New World and organized a group of colonists to settle in area near the Outer Banks. Excerpt from the website thelostcolony.org For additional information visit: http://www.thelostcolony.org/The_Roanoke_Voyages.htm A group of about 120 men, women, and children bravely established the first English settlement in the New World on the Roanoke Island in 1587. Shortly after arriving in this New World, colonist Eleanor Dare, have birth to Virginia Dare, the first English baby born in America. But life on the island was difficult. Low on supplies and facing hostile Native Americans, the colonies sent Governor John White back to England in the summer of 1587 for supplies. Due to the impending war with Spain, however, Governor White was unable to return to Roanoke Island until 1590. When he arrive, the colony had vanished, leaving one tantalizing clue as to their whereabouts: the word CROATOAN carved on a post. The fate of those first colonists remains a mystery to this and day is one of America’s most intriguing mysteries. Types of Colonies Royal- (Massachusetts, Virginia, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, New Jersey, and New Hampshire) King appoints the governor, bicameral legislature with upper house appointed by king and lower house elected by the people, all laws must be approved by the king Proprietary- (Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware) control of a colony is given to an individual by the king, this proprietor is responsible for the governance of the colony Charter- (Rhode Island, Connecticut) control of the colony is given to the people who live there so it is totally self governing. They can elect their leaders and pass laws without approval from the king. First Attempts at Colonization Sir Walter Raleigh visited the New World in 1584 and claimed the land for England, naming it Virginia after Elizabeth (the land had previously been claimed by Spain) Elizabeth privately funded Raleigh but publicly chastised him for taking over “Spanish” land (she did not want to get into a confrontation with King Philip of Spain). Raleigh promoted the New World and organized a group of colonists to settle in area near the Outer Banks. Excerpt from the website thelostcolony.org For additional information visit: http://www.thelostcolony.org/The_Roanoke_Voyages.htm A group of about 120 men, women, and children bravely established the first English settlement in the New World on the Roanoke Island in 1587. Shortly after arriving in this New World, colonist Eleanor Dare, have birth to Virginia Dare, the first English baby born in America. But life on the island was difficult. Low on supplies and facing hostile Native Americans, the colonies sent Governor John White back to England in the summer of 1587 for supplies. Due to the impending war with Spain, however, Governor White was unable to return to Roanoke Island until 1590. When he arrive, the colony had vanished, leaving one tantalizing clue as to their whereabouts: the word CROATOAN carved on a post. The fate of those first colonists remains a mystery to this and day is one of America’s most intriguing mysteries.

5. Virginia Joint Stock Company Jamestown Funding for the settlement at Jamestown came from a Joint Stock Company which was a group of investors that pulled their money to fund the settlement of the colony. In return, they hoped to make money from the colony. The joint stock company that founded Jamestown was called The Virginia Company Jamestown: 104 men and boys left on the ship to settle the new colony, they were allowed to settle anywhere from present day New Jersey to South Carolina, they decided to avoid Roanoke Island because of bad karma from the Lost Colony, sailed into the Chesapeake Bay and up the James River, they picked a site on an peninsula because they thought it would be easy to defend, the site was low and swampy, swarming mosquitoes that carried malaria, their well water caused dysentery. Virginia Company established a council to run the settlement there was no real leader. The men did not spend much time trying to farm or set up permanent structures, instead they ran around looking for gold. The Native Americans that lived near them were Powhatans. They were agrarian and farmed corn and lived along the river beds in houses made of bark. The Jamestown settlers often stole things from the Indians including food and valuables are relations did not start off well. Funding for the settlement at Jamestown came from a Joint Stock Company which was a group of investors that pulled their money to fund the settlement of the colony. In return, they hoped to make money from the colony. The joint stock company that founded Jamestown was called The Virginia Company Jamestown: 104 men and boys left on the ship to settle the new colony, they were allowed to settle anywhere from present day New Jersey to South Carolina, they decided to avoid Roanoke Island because of bad karma from the Lost Colony, sailed into the Chesapeake Bay and up the James River, they picked a site on an peninsula because they thought it would be easy to defend, the site was low and swampy, swarming mosquitoes that carried malaria, their well water caused dysentery. Virginia Company established a council to run the settlement there was no real leader. The men did not spend much time trying to farm or set up permanent structures, instead they ran around looking for gold. The Native Americans that lived near them were Powhatans. They were agrarian and farmed corn and lived along the river beds in houses made of bark. The Jamestown settlers often stole things from the Indians including food and valuables are relations did not start off well.

6. Virginia John Smith Cash crop House of Burgess Bacon’s Rebellion Virginia John Smith: Captain John Smith emerged as the leader, he used a military style discipline since he had served in the Hungarian army against the Turks. At first the men refused to work and spent their time looking for gold, internal bickering started and their weakened physical and political state made them vulnerable to attacks by Native Americans, John Smith made them work by saying that if they didn’t work they didn’t eat, Smith improved relations with the Powhatan Indians and started trading. The first winter a 1/3 the men died. John Smith was very a hated leader but he kept the majority of the men alive which was a major accomplishment. Cash Crop: The colony continued to have problems and the next year the Virginia Company sent more men and the wives and children of the men who were there. (400 people total) The first indentured servants also came on this ship. Some of the people on the ship had “the plague” and caused the disease to spread through the colony. Soon after their arrival, Smith was injured in a gun powder accident and had to return to England. That winter the people starved and only 60 were alive at the end. That spring people moved out of the fort and set up homes and started farming. The next year, the settlers learned to grow tobacco from the Powhatans. This new strand of tobacco was very popular in England where people believed tobacco was medicinal and used it to try and cure several illnesses. The crop was very successful and the colony was able to sell it and make money. It became Virginia’s major cash crop. House of Burgess: When the colony became successful the Virginia Company decided to ease up on some of the restrictions on the settlers. Prior to this time their lives were closely regulated, for instance they had to attend church twice a day. Punishments for not showing up could range anywhere from fines to whipping to jail time. In 1619 the Virginia Company appointed a new governor who allowed the people to elect their own representatives to a legislative body called the House of Burgess. They become the first elected legislative assembly in America. Bacon’s Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon was a wealthy landowner in the backcountry of Virginia. This area was mostly occupied by poorer citizens who could not afford to live near the protection of the Jamestown fort. Because this area was not as settled, the people living there were often attacked by Native American tribes. Because Virginia’s colonial government did not send troops to protect these people, Bacon decided to raise his own “army” (of both black and white settlers) and attack tribes he deemed to be a threat. The Governor of Virginia felt that Bacon’s actions were unjustifiable and that his attacks would lead to full scale war with all of the Native American tribes. He called for Bacon’s arrest. Bacon than turned his “army” on Jamestown forcing the governor and other residents of Jamestown to flee and hide. Bacon and his men burned Jamestown. The British army had to step in to stop the uprising. In the midst of the rebellion, Bacon died of disease and the fighting fizzled out. However, Bacon’s rebellion demonstrated that the poorer class was capable of turning on the ruling class and that united they were viable threat. This idea helped cement the idea that the government must take care of all citizens. Virginia John Smith: Captain John Smith emerged as the leader, he used a military style discipline since he had served in the Hungarian army against the Turks. At first the men refused to work and spent their time looking for gold, internal bickering started and their weakened physical and political state made them vulnerable to attacks by Native Americans, John Smith made them work by saying that if they didn’t work they didn’t eat, Smith improved relations with the Powhatan Indians and started trading. The first winter a 1/3 the men died. John Smith was very a hated leader but he kept the majority of the men alive which was a major accomplishment. Cash Crop: The colony continued to have problems and the next year the Virginia Company sent more men and the wives and children of the men who were there. (400 people total) The first indentured servants also came on this ship. Some of the people on the ship had “the plague” and caused the disease to spread through the colony. Soon after their arrival, Smith was injured in a gun powder accident and had to return to England. That winter the people starved and only 60 were alive at the end. That spring people moved out of the fort and set up homes and started farming. The next year, the settlers learned to grow tobacco from the Powhatans. This new strand of tobacco was very popular in England where people believed tobacco was medicinal and used it to try and cure several illnesses. The crop was very successful and the colony was able to sell it and make money. It became Virginia’s major cash crop. House of Burgess: When the colony became successful the Virginia Company decided to ease up on some of the restrictions on the settlers. Prior to this time their lives were closely regulated, for instance they had to attend church twice a day. Punishments for not showing up could range anywhere from fines to whipping to jail time. In 1619 the Virginia Company appointed a new governor who allowed the people to elect their own representatives to a legislative body called the House of Burgess. They become the first elected legislative assembly in America. Bacon’s Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon was a wealthy landowner in the backcountry of Virginia. This area was mostly occupied by poorer citizens who could not afford to live near the protection of the Jamestown fort. Because this area was not as settled, the people living there were often attacked by Native American tribes. Because Virginia’s colonial government did not send troops to protect these people, Bacon decided to raise his own “army” (of both black and white settlers) and attack tribes he deemed to be a threat. The Governor of Virginia felt that Bacon’s actions were unjustifiable and that his attacks would lead to full scale war with all of the Native American tribes. He called for Bacon’s arrest. Bacon than turned his “army” on Jamestown forcing the governor and other residents of Jamestown to flee and hide. Bacon and his men burned Jamestown. The British army had to step in to stop the uprising. In the midst of the rebellion, Bacon died of disease and the fighting fizzled out. However, Bacon’s rebellion demonstrated that the poorer class was capable of turning on the ruling class and that united they were viable threat. This idea helped cement the idea that the government must take care of all citizens.

7. Massachusetts Pilgrims Mayflower Compact William Bradford Squanto Puritans “City Upon a Hill” Pilgrims- The pilgrims were also known as Separatist because they broke all ties with the Church of England, they even left England and went to live in Holland (allowed complete religious freedom) They felt that the Anglican church still had too many ties to Catholicism and they objected to being required by law to attend the Church of England. They were worried that living in Holland would cause their children to forget the language and customs of England, and they were given a lower status in Holland, they appealed to King James for a plot of land where they could set up a colony. Although for the most part the Separatists were on the wealthy side, they did not have enough money to make the expensive journey across the ocean and begin a new colony so they looked for investors and borrowed the money. The Separatists were given permission by the Virginia Company to settle in Virginia, they returned to England from Holland and left from the port of Plymouth in September of 1620, they traveled for seven weeks and finally spotted land in late November, they had been blown off course and were not in Virginia but in Cape Cod where they had no right to be, they decided to stay where they were and set up their ideal society based on their beliefs. It took 2 months to build the first shelter because the people were do sick from disease and conditions on the Mayflower. They starved the first winter. When it was over 4 of the original 18 women were still alive. (78% died), 40% of the men died but only 16% of the children died. (Only 6 of 37 children) One of the children who lived was Priscella Mullins Alden who wrote the Courtship of Miles Standish. The Mayflower Compact- Since the Separatists were not in the territory they were supposed to be in, they had no right to set up a government. (The Virginia Company did not have the right to settle in this area so therefore the rules to the joint stock company did not apply in this new area) Some people threatened to set up their own society and make up their own laws. This would undermine the settlement because they needed to work together since their were so few of them. William Bradford became their leader and he decide that they had to establish some sort of government before they got off the ship. He drafted the Mayflower Compact for the settlers to sign. The Compact was not a formal government it was more of an agreement. Through the idea of a social contract, it basically guaranteed self government to the people in the colony making it an important precedent in American government. Under the compact, William Bradford becomes the “governor.” Squanto- The Pilgrims probably not have made it except for an Indian named Squanto. Squanto had been captured years before by an English sea captain who had sold him in Spain. Squanto escaped and went to England, where he learned the English, and then returned to the New World to discover that his entire village had died of the plague. He was in the Plymouth area when the pilgrims arrived and he showed them how grow corn, and live off the land. Many of the pilgrims had been quite wealthy and had never had to do anything like this before. A legendary feast in celebration of the harvest is the root for the Thanksgiving. Puritans- Massachusetts Bay was soon settled by other Puritans who wanted to escape persecution and help build a the colony of Massachusetts as a Puritan state. The Puritan religion had little tolerance for sin, practiced Calvinist beliefs, felt sinners should be strictly punished, believed in signs and looked for them everywhere, felt it was their duty to spy on other people and report any sins because people were sinful by nature. Puritans also believed in long, hard work days and had no tolerance for idleness. They also had little tolerance for other religions, especially Catholics. Contrary to some belief, the Puritans did not come to Massachusetts to set up a colony rooted in religious freedom for all. Their colony was established so they could practice their religion with other like minded people. “City Upon a Hill”- John Winthrop, one of the early governors of Massachusetts, gave speech to the a group of Puritans on the boat on the way over to Massachusetts and told the Puritans that they would be a city upon a hill, so other people could look to them, and so they could have the full endorsement of God. The idea of a city upon a hill spread across the colonies and became part of the “American identity.”Pilgrims- The pilgrims were also known as Separatist because they broke all ties with the Church of England, they even left England and went to live in Holland (allowed complete religious freedom) They felt that the Anglican church still had too many ties to Catholicism and they objected to being required by law to attend the Church of England. They were worried that living in Holland would cause their children to forget the language and customs of England, and they were given a lower status in Holland, they appealed to King James for a plot of land where they could set up a colony. Although for the most part the Separatists were on the wealthy side, they did not have enough money to make the expensive journey across the ocean and begin a new colony so they looked for investors and borrowed the money. The Separatists were given permission by the Virginia Company to settle in Virginia, they returned to England from Holland and left from the port of Plymouth in September of 1620, they traveled for seven weeks and finally spotted land in late November, they had been blown off course and were not in Virginia but in Cape Cod where they had no right to be, they decided to stay where they were and set up their ideal society based on their beliefs. It took 2 months to build the first shelter because the people were do sick from disease and conditions on the Mayflower. They starved the first winter. When it was over 4 of the original 18 women were still alive. (78% died), 40% of the men died but only 16% of the children died. (Only 6 of 37 children) One of the children who lived was Priscella Mullins Alden who wrote the Courtship of Miles Standish. The Mayflower Compact- Since the Separatists were not in the territory they were supposed to be in, they had no right to set up a government. (The Virginia Company did not have the right to settle in this area so therefore the rules to the joint stock company did not apply in this new area) Some people threatened to set up their own society and make up their own laws. This would undermine the settlement because they needed to work together since their were so few of them. William Bradford became their leader and he decide that they had to establish some sort of government before they got off the ship. He drafted the Mayflower Compact for the settlers to sign. The Compact was not a formal government it was more of an agreement. Through the idea of a social contract, it basically guaranteed self government to the people in the colony making it an important precedent in American government. Under the compact, William Bradford becomes the “governor.” Squanto- The Pilgrims probably not have made it except for an Indian named Squanto. Squanto had been captured years before by an English sea captain who had sold him in Spain. Squanto escaped and went to England, where he learned the English, and then returned to the New World to discover that his entire village had died of the plague. He was in the Plymouth area when the pilgrims arrived and he showed them how grow corn, and live off the land. Many of the pilgrims had been quite wealthy and had never had to do anything like this before. A legendary feast in celebration of the harvest is the root for the Thanksgiving. Puritans- Massachusetts Bay was soon settled by other Puritans who wanted to escape persecution and help build a the colony of Massachusetts as a Puritan state. The Puritan religion had little tolerance for sin, practiced Calvinist beliefs, felt sinners should be strictly punished, believed in signs and looked for them everywhere, felt it was their duty to spy on other people and report any sins because people were sinful by nature. Puritans also believed in long, hard work days and had no tolerance for idleness. They also had little tolerance for other religions, especially Catholics. Contrary to some belief, the Puritans did not come to Massachusetts to set up a colony rooted in religious freedom for all. Their colony was established so they could practice their religion with other like minded people. “City Upon a Hill”- John Winthrop, one of the early governors of Massachusetts, gave speech to the a group of Puritans on the boat on the way over to Massachusetts and told the Puritans that they would be a city upon a hill, so other people could look to them, and so they could have the full endorsement of God. The idea of a city upon a hill spread across the colonies and became part of the “American identity.”

8. Rhode Island Roger Williams Freedom of Religion Anne Hutchinson Roger Williams Williams was a very devoted Puritan. However, he was not happy with some of the practices of the Puritans in Massachusetts. He felt they should not just be taking land from the Indians, he also felt that state and church should be separate, or that there should not be laws saying people must go to church. By speaking out, Williams quickly lost popularity and was eventually banished. He and some his followers started a town called Providence and became the first settlement to advocate freedom of religion. He opened up the colony of Rhode Island to anyone who wished to settle there. Anne Hutchinson Hutchinson was born in England in 1591, she married at the age of 21 and had 12 children in the next 17 years (3 died at birth), she had no formal education since it was not allowed for women. She, her husband, and children came to Massachusetts in 1634. Anne was very interested in intellectual thought and with the support of her husband, she was able to study higher academics. Anne became a midwife in the colony which was a very respected position, Midwives were also responsible for caring for women when they were dying and as a result Anne spent a lot of time listening to women reflect on their lives and spirituality. These experiences led Anne to hold theological discussions in her home for women. Eventually these meetings got so popular that men started showing up. Anne started teaching that individuals could receive direct revelations from God. Anne was very outspoken and often criticized members of the clergy. She was brought up on charges for speaking to a coed group and was banished from the colony and excommunicated. However, she was allowed to stay because she was woman. At the age of 47, Anne got pregnant again and was brought up on another set of charges. Both the trial and the pregnancy were rough on her and when the baby was still born and deformed (most likely Down’s Syndrome), the ministers took it as a sign from God and Anne moved to Rhode Island. Later her and some of her children resettled in Long Island on land they bought from the Dutch. They were killed by a tribe of Algonquin Indians who were unhappy with the Dutch living in that area.Roger Williams Williams was a very devoted Puritan. However, he was not happy with some of the practices of the Puritans in Massachusetts. He felt they should not just be taking land from the Indians, he also felt that state and church should be separate, or that there should not be laws saying people must go to church. By speaking out, Williams quickly lost popularity and was eventually banished. He and some his followers started a town called Providence and became the first settlement to advocate freedom of religion. He opened up the colony of Rhode Island to anyone who wished to settle there. Anne Hutchinson Hutchinson was born in England in 1591, she married at the age of 21 and had 12 children in the next 17 years (3 died at birth), she had no formal education since it was not allowed for women. She, her husband, and children came to Massachusetts in 1634. Anne was very interested in intellectual thought and with the support of her husband, she was able to study higher academics. Anne became a midwife in the colony which was a very respected position, Midwives were also responsible for caring for women when they were dying and as a result Anne spent a lot of time listening to women reflect on their lives and spirituality. These experiences led Anne to hold theological discussions in her home for women. Eventually these meetings got so popular that men started showing up. Anne started teaching that individuals could receive direct revelations from God. Anne was very outspoken and often criticized members of the clergy. She was brought up on charges for speaking to a coed group and was banished from the colony and excommunicated. However, she was allowed to stay because she was woman. At the age of 47, Anne got pregnant again and was brought up on another set of charges. Both the trial and the pregnancy were rough on her and when the baby was still born and deformed (most likely Down’s Syndrome), the ministers took it as a sign from God and Anne moved to Rhode Island. Later her and some of her children resettled in Long Island on land they bought from the Dutch. They were killed by a tribe of Algonquin Indians who were unhappy with the Dutch living in that area.

9. Connecticut Puritans Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Connecticut Settled by a group of Puritan families from some of the towns in Massachusetts. The families were granted land in the area of Connecticut where the farmland was very good. As towns were established in the area the residents met together to come up with ways to protect themselves from Native American attacks. To do this, they adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut which set up their government with a governor, legislative assembly, and courts. It gave all male property owners the right to vote without a religion requirement. Connecticut Settled by a group of Puritan families from some of the towns in Massachusetts. The families were granted land in the area of Connecticut where the farmland was very good. As towns were established in the area the residents met together to come up with ways to protect themselves from Native American attacks. To do this, they adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut which set up their government with a governor, legislative assembly, and courts. It gave all male property owners the right to vote without a religion requirement.

10. New Hampshire Puritan Colony Maine New Hampshire The area that is New Hampshire and Maine was divided by two men granted the land by the Council of New England. Puritans began moving into the area that is New Hampshire. Maine was an attempt to start a colony with members of the Anglican church. But it never really got off the ground and Maine remained a group of small fishing communities that were part of Massachusetts until 1820.New Hampshire The area that is New Hampshire and Maine was divided by two men granted the land by the Council of New England. Puritans began moving into the area that is New Hampshire. Maine was an attempt to start a colony with members of the Anglican church. But it never really got off the ground and Maine remained a group of small fishing communities that were part of Massachusetts until 1820.

11. Maryland The Calvert Family Lord Baltimore(s) Maryland Toleration Act The land of Maryland was chartered to the Calvert family who were also known as the Lord Baltimores. They established the colony as a place for Catholics to settle. Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 This act protected all Christian religious sects from persecution. (Catholics, Puritans, Protestants). This was the first law in the New World that actually allowed from Freedom of Religion in the colonies.The land of Maryland was chartered to the Calvert family who were also known as the Lord Baltimores. They established the colony as a place for Catholics to settle. Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 This act protected all Christian religious sects from persecution. (Catholics, Puritans, Protestants). This was the first law in the New World that actually allowed from Freedom of Religion in the colonies.

12. North and South Carolina North Carolina Albermarle Outcasts South Carolina Better Economy Government The Carolina colonies were settled by 8 Lord Proprietors who were given the land by the king. They hope to use the colony to farm cash crops and turn a profit. North Carolina was originally called Albermarle and was considered to not be as good of land as that in South Carolina. In general, many of the outcasts of Virginia and South Carolina moved into this area. It was considered to be a little bit wild and lawless with no significant settlement until the 1700s. South Carolina’s economy was much stronger than that of North Carolina. They grew cash crops such as rice and tobacco. They also had a thriving trade economy with products such as furs and cattle. Many slaves also came to South Carolina. The port town of Charleston was one of the most important cities in the South for the import and export of goods. Both of the colonies governments were influenced by John Locke’s theories. The 8 Lord proprietors insisted on religious freedom in the area and gave out large land grants which encouraged large plantations to develop. The Carolina colonies were settled by 8 Lord Proprietors who were given the land by the king. They hope to use the colony to farm cash crops and turn a profit. North Carolina was originally called Albermarle and was considered to not be as good of land as that in South Carolina. In general, many of the outcasts of Virginia and South Carolina moved into this area. It was considered to be a little bit wild and lawless with no significant settlement until the 1700s. South Carolina’s economy was much stronger than that of North Carolina. They grew cash crops such as rice and tobacco. They also had a thriving trade economy with products such as furs and cattle. Many slaves also came to South Carolina. The port town of Charleston was one of the most important cities in the South for the import and export of goods. Both of the colonies governments were influenced by John Locke’s theories. The 8 Lord proprietors insisted on religious freedom in the area and gave out large land grants which encouraged large plantations to develop.

13. New York and New Jersey New Netherlands New Amsterdam Duke of York Trade Colony Diverse population New Jersey The colony of NY was originially called New Netherlands and was settled by the Dutch who sent Henry Hudson to explore the area and look for a route to China. He made friends with the Native American tribe in the area and paved the way for favorable trade relations between the Dutch and the Indians. Dutch set up trade posts in the area including a fort on Manhattan Island which came to be called New Amsterdam. (now known as New York City) New Amsterdam was a small settlement, estimated about 270 people, but they were very diverse and represented numerous countries and ethnicities. The colony was poorly lead, it had an adequate leader and no representative council. Charles II gave the area of New Netherlands (which included Maine, Long Island, Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, all of the area of New York to the Delaware Bay) to his brother (the Duke of York) who took an invasion force to the area and took over without much of a fight. He changed the name of the area to New York. As part of their surrender terms the settlers were allowed to keep their land and stay in the area. The Duke of York refused to set up a representative council because he distrusted them. He did write out a code of laws and let individual towns have a local government. However, problems arose and people objected by refusing to pay their taxes. New York became a trade colony and was known for its diverse population. New Jersey Since the colony was pretty large, the Duke of York gave New Jersey to two of his friends. At first it was split between them and became East and West Jersey. In 1702 it was unified.The colony of NY was originially called New Netherlands and was settled by the Dutch who sent Henry Hudson to explore the area and look for a route to China. He made friends with the Native American tribe in the area and paved the way for favorable trade relations between the Dutch and the Indians. Dutch set up trade posts in the area including a fort on Manhattan Island which came to be called New Amsterdam. (now known as New York City) New Amsterdam was a small settlement, estimated about 270 people, but they were very diverse and represented numerous countries and ethnicities. The colony was poorly lead, it had an adequate leader and no representative council. Charles II gave the area of New Netherlands (which included Maine, Long Island, Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, all of the area of New York to the Delaware Bay) to his brother (the Duke of York) who took an invasion force to the area and took over without much of a fight. He changed the name of the area to New York. As part of their surrender terms the settlers were allowed to keep their land and stay in the area. The Duke of York refused to set up a representative council because he distrusted them. He did write out a code of laws and let individual towns have a local government. However, problems arose and people objected by refusing to pay their taxes. New York became a trade colony and was known for its diverse population. New Jersey Since the colony was pretty large, the Duke of York gave New Jersey to two of his friends. At first it was split between them and became East and West Jersey. In 1702 it was unified.

14. Pennsylvania and Delaware Quakers William Penn Delaware Quakers Branch of Puritans who rejected all religious ceremonies and the authority of priests, bishops, ministers, etc. They obeyed what they called the “inner light.” In a Quaker meeting, anyone is allowed to stand and say what they think on any subject. They believed in equality of all people. They refused to take oaths or bow to royalty. Because of this the suffered much persecution in England and the king wanted them to leave. William Penn Penn was the son of an English admiral who was owed money by King Charles II, to pay the debt Charles gave William Penn land in the new world and asked him to encouraged the Quakers to move there. Penn encouraged settlers from all over Europe to settle the area regardless of religious status. He set up programs to help those that were less fortunate get land. Made friends and set up a good trade relationship with the Native Americans in the area. Penn wanted to set up an ideal colony where all people could live together peacefully. Penn believed that in order for the people to be truly considered free they must have a government where the people had a say in making laws. Believed church and state could be separate and freedom of religion could exist. Delaware Penn was also given the area of Delaware but in 1701 it was granted its own assembly. It still shared the same governor as Pennsylvania.Quakers Branch of Puritans who rejected all religious ceremonies and the authority of priests, bishops, ministers, etc. They obeyed what they called the “inner light.” In a Quaker meeting, anyone is allowed to stand and say what they think on any subject. They believed in equality of all people. They refused to take oaths or bow to royalty. Because of this the suffered much persecution in England and the king wanted them to leave. William Penn Penn was the son of an English admiral who was owed money by King Charles II, to pay the debt Charles gave William Penn land in the new world and asked him to encouraged the Quakers to move there. Penn encouraged settlers from all over Europe to settle the area regardless of religious status. He set up programs to help those that were less fortunate get land. Made friends and set up a good trade relationship with the Native Americans in the area. Penn wanted to set up an ideal colony where all people could live together peacefully. Penn believed that in order for the people to be truly considered free they must have a government where the people had a say in making laws. Believed church and state could be separate and freedom of religion could exist. Delaware Penn was also given the area of Delaware but in 1701 it was granted its own assembly. It still shared the same governor as Pennsylvania.

15. Georgia James Oglethorpe Philanthropic Experiment Georgia was the last colony settled. It was meant to be both a philanthropic experiment as well as serve as a military buffer between the Carolinas and the Spanish in Florida. James Oglethorpe Oglethorpe was a trustee who took in the first group of colonist who settled the area. He was a soldier and organized defenses to protect the colony from the Spanish. He also was a prison reformer and hoped to start a colony as a refuge for the poor and persecuted. The first settlement was Savannah. It was settled by a lot of Germans as well as Scotch-Irish, Portuguese Jews, and Welsh. Oglethorpe tried to get the people to produce wine and silk and to follow some basic rules such as no drinking, no slavery, and no large land holdings. These things failed and Georgia ended up becoming a royal colony Georgia was the last colony settled. It was meant to be both a philanthropic experiment as well as serve as a military buffer between the Carolinas and the Spanish in Florida. James Oglethorpe Oglethorpe was a trustee who took in the first group of colonist who settled the area. He was a soldier and organized defenses to protect the colony from the Spanish. He also was a prison reformer and hoped to start a colony as a refuge for the poor and persecuted. The first settlement was Savannah. It was settled by a lot of Germans as well as Scotch-Irish, Portuguese Jews, and Welsh. Oglethorpe tried to get the people to produce wine and silk and to follow some basic rules such as no drinking, no slavery, and no large land holdings. These things failed and Georgia ended up becoming a royal colony

16. Influential English Documents Magna Carta Petition of Right The English Bill of Rights The Magna Carta 1215- a group of nobles first King Jon to sign the Magna Carta which guaranteed rights such as a trial by jury, due process of law, protection of life, liberty, and property. At them time these rights were only intended for the upper class but the ideas influenced the men who set up colonies in the governments and the rights were extended to all men. 1628- Parliament forced Charles I to sign this document that limited the power of the king by not allowing him to imprison people without a trial, declare martial law, or force the people to Quarter troops. The Petition of Right basically said that even the king must follow the law, instituting the idea of rule of law. 1689- After the Glorious Revolution, Parliament forced William and Mary of Orange to sign the English Bill of Rights. This document was also aimed at limiting the rights for the crown and stated that the king and queen could not have a standing army during peace time and must allow for free elections. It also guaranteed individual rights such as a fair and speedy trial, no cruel and unusual punishment, and no excessive bail.The Magna Carta 1215- a group of nobles first King Jon to sign the Magna Carta which guaranteed rights such as a trial by jury, due process of law, protection of life, liberty, and property. At them time these rights were only intended for the upper class but the ideas influenced the men who set up colonies in the governments and the rights were extended to all men. 1628- Parliament forced Charles I to sign this document that limited the power of the king by not allowing him to imprison people without a trial, declare martial law, or force the people to Quarter troops. The Petition of Right basically said that even the king must follow the law, instituting the idea of rule of law. 1689- After the Glorious Revolution, Parliament forced William and Mary of Orange to sign the English Bill of Rights. This document was also aimed at limiting the rights for the crown and stated that the king and queen could not have a standing army during peace time and must allow for free elections. It also guaranteed individual rights such as a fair and speedy trial, no cruel and unusual punishment, and no excessive bail.

17. Life in the Northern Colonies (New England) Puritan lifestyle Small towns Middle class Families Education Salem Witch Trials New England Because of the settlers’ Puritan values and beliefs, they brought over established family patterns (father, mother, children living in a household) They placed a strong importance on the family because they believed that without the family structure men and women could be easily led into sin. The father was the head of the house and expected unquestioning obedience from both children and wife. Since this generation was living longer they were actually living to be grandparents and were therefore creating even stronger extended family units. In New England the ratio of men to women was much more balanced than it was in the Southern colonies. Education was a family responsibility. Both religious and secular education. Learning to read was encouraged for both girls and boys. In 1647 Massachusetts law stated that a town with more than 15 families must establish an elementary school with local tax money. If the town had more than hundred families they must establish a secondary school. As a result the New England colonies had literacy rates far above those in the Southern colonies. Harvard College was established to train ministers. Yale followed shortly after. In general colonization in the Northern colonies attracted middle class people, leaving the strange phenomena of no established social order. This caused some problems because the people were used to being led by the nobles. Now they had no established leadership. In New England leadership roles went to men who were considered to be the spiritual leaders of a community. In New England where the majority of people were yeoman farmers (independent, small farms) few people became wealthy or poor so social standings did not develop in the traditional way. Social standings shifted frequently and a master may find himself working for a former servant and then switching places again. This is another reason that the town hall meeting became so important and all men were able to have a say in local politics. New England Because of the settlers’ Puritan values and beliefs, they brought over established family patterns (father, mother, children living in a household) They placed a strong importance on the family because they believed that without the family structure men and women could be easily led into sin. The father was the head of the house and expected unquestioning obedience from both children and wife. Since this generation was living longer they were actually living to be grandparents and were therefore creating even stronger extended family units. In New England the ratio of men to women was much more balanced than it was in the Southern colonies. Education was a family responsibility. Both religious and secular education. Learning to read was encouraged for both girls and boys. In 1647 Massachusetts law stated that a town with more than 15 families must establish an elementary school with local tax money. If the town had more than hundred families they must establish a secondary school. As a result the New England colonies had literacy rates far above those in the Southern colonies. Harvard College was established to train ministers. Yale followed shortly after. In general colonization in the Northern colonies attracted middle class people, leaving the strange phenomena of no established social order. This caused some problems because the people were used to being led by the nobles. Now they had no established leadership. In New England leadership roles went to men who were considered to be the spiritual leaders of a community. In New England where the majority of people were yeoman farmers (independent, small farms) few people became wealthy or poor so social standings did not develop in the traditional way. Social standings shifted frequently and a master may find himself working for a former servant and then switching places again. This is another reason that the town hall meeting became so important and all men were able to have a say in local politics.

18. Life in the Middle Colonies Diversity Religious Tolerance Good relations with the Native Americans The Middle colonies were far more diverse than the Northern and Southern colonies. Because of the trading nature of these economies, they attracted people a lot of different colonies and religious backgrounds. This led to much religious and social tolerance in these colonies. The middle colonies also had the best relationship with the Native Americans. Although this doesn’t mean they were problem free, they did establish strong trade relations and many leaders believed that the people should treat the Native Americans fairly. The Middle colonies were far more diverse than the Northern and Southern colonies. Because of the trading nature of these economies, they attracted people a lot of different colonies and religious backgrounds. This led to much religious and social tolerance in these colonies. The middle colonies also had the best relationship with the Native Americans. Although this doesn’t mean they were problem free, they did establish strong trade relations and many leaders believed that the people should treat the Native Americans fairly.

19. Life in the Southern Colonies(Chesapeake) Anglican Cash crops Upper and lower class Life expectancy Blended families Lack of education Southern colonies The biggest difference between Northern and Southern colonies was the South had higher mortality rate. Settlers in Virginia did not come in family units. Majority of men coming over were single, young, and indentured servants. Ratio of males to females was 6:1. There was more disease in the Chesapeake. The warmer, moister climate led to malaria, dysentery, and other diseases. Men in Virginia lived to about 45. Infant mortality rates were 25%. Of those that lived another 25% died before the age of 20. Marriage ages were higher because most women had come as indentured servants and had to fulfill their contracts before marrying. Many didn’t live long enough. People rarely lived long enough to be grandparents and many children did not have parents past the age of 10. This led to weaker family structures than those in New England. A lot of blended families as widows and widowers quickly remarried. There were much clearer social classes in the Chesapeake regions since the wealthy were large plantation tobacco farmers. In order to run a successful tobacco farm, a large labor force was needed. Thus, those who could afford to hire workers made the money and gained control. Often planters gained their labor force wherever they could, first by indentured servants, and then through slaves. Once the wealthy were established, the high social standing remained in the family for generations. They were also able to control the politics of the colony and often all of the members of the House of Burgess could be traced to three or four families. Below the gentry class were the freemen who were usually those servants who paid off their debt. They worked small plots of land and probably were better off than they would have been in England but they did not realize their dreams of owning huge plantations (most of the large plantation owners had come to the New World with money). In about 1680 mortality rates in Virginia began to improve and a new class of wealthy men was born: men who had been born in America. These men tended to easily become the leaders in the House of Burgess and established their own class of ruling elite. The College of William and Mary was founded in 1703 so that these men would not have to return to England for an education but could attend school in America. With the full onset of slavery, the rich got richer and opportunities for social advancement decreased for freemen. Because the there was a poorer class in Virginia there was not a high literacy rate as their was in New England. Only the wealthy were able to read and write. There were fewer towns in the South and people lived farther apart. Southern colonies The biggest difference between Northern and Southern colonies was the South had higher mortality rate. Settlers in Virginia did not come in family units. Majority of men coming over were single, young, and indentured servants. Ratio of males to females was 6:1. There was more disease in the Chesapeake. The warmer, moister climate led to malaria, dysentery, and other diseases. Men in Virginia lived to about 45. Infant mortality rates were 25%. Of those that lived another 25% died before the age of 20. Marriage ages were higher because most women had come as indentured servants and had to fulfill their contracts before marrying. Many didn’t live long enough. People rarely lived long enough to be grandparents and many children did not have parents past the age of 10. This led to weaker family structures than those in New England. A lot of blended families as widows and widowers quickly remarried. There were much clearer social classes in the Chesapeake regions since the wealthy were large plantation tobacco farmers. In order to run a successful tobacco farm, a large labor force was needed. Thus, those who could afford to hire workers made the money and gained control. Often planters gained their labor force wherever they could, first by indentured servants, and then through slaves. Once the wealthy were established, the high social standing remained in the family for generations. They were also able to control the politics of the colony and often all of the members of the House of Burgess could be traced to three or four families. Below the gentry class were the freemen who were usually those servants who paid off their debt. They worked small plots of land and probably were better off than they would have been in England but they did not realize their dreams of owning huge plantations (most of the large plantation owners had come to the New World with money). In about 1680 mortality rates in Virginia began to improve and a new class of wealthy men was born: men who had been born in America. These men tended to easily become the leaders in the House of Burgess and established their own class of ruling elite. The College of William and Mary was founded in 1703 so that these men would not have to return to England for an education but could attend school in America. With the full onset of slavery, the rich got richer and opportunities for social advancement decreased for freemen. Because the there was a poorer class in Virginia there was not a high literacy rate as their was in New England. Only the wealthy were able to read and write. There were fewer towns in the South and people lived farther apart.

20. Women in the Colonies No legal status Domestic tasks Women’s jobs Role of Women in the colonies Women were considered the weaker sex. Women were to obey their husbands, serve them, take care of children, maintain the household, men were given absolute authority over their wives and children. Laws did not allow women to vote, hold any type of office, attend public schools or colleges, enter into law suits, make contracts, preach, or own property. However, most colonies allowed women to inherit property from their husbands upon his death. Most women started their day when the sun came up or even earlier, and got the morning meal prepared, most women were usually responsible for feeding and watering the livestock, getting the children ready, and starting lunch. Cooking over an open fire took large amounts of time and effort and much of woman’s day was spent preparing meals. Women were also responsible for the garden and would spend time weeding, watering, picking vegetables. Women were also responsible for any items that were necessary around the house. This including churning butter, making soap and candles, sewing clothes, spinning the wool for the clothes, bringing firewood. Even washing clothes was a all day chore. Lack of a labor force did open some jobs to women outside the home. The most common job for a woman was midwife. Women could also be tavern hostesses (common profession for widows), shopkeepers. Some women served as doctors. Some widows were also responsible for running some of the large plantations in the South after the death or even in the absence of a husband. Status for women in the new world was better than in England because of the frontier lifestyle and because their were so fewer women than men. Puritans even had laws against physically abusing women and even allowed some divorces if the women could prove the man was not living up to his obligations as a husband. Role of Women in the colonies Women were considered the weaker sex. Women were to obey their husbands, serve them, take care of children, maintain the household, men were given absolute authority over their wives and children. Laws did not allow women to vote, hold any type of office, attend public schools or colleges, enter into law suits, make contracts, preach, or own property. However, most colonies allowed women to inherit property from their husbands upon his death. Most women started their day when the sun came up or even earlier, and got the morning meal prepared, most women were usually responsible for feeding and watering the livestock, getting the children ready, and starting lunch. Cooking over an open fire took large amounts of time and effort and much of woman’s day was spent preparing meals. Women were also responsible for the garden and would spend time weeding, watering, picking vegetables. Women were also responsible for any items that were necessary around the house. This including churning butter, making soap and candles, sewing clothes, spinning the wool for the clothes, bringing firewood. Even washing clothes was a all day chore. Lack of a labor force did open some jobs to women outside the home. The most common job for a woman was midwife. Women could also be tavern hostesses (common profession for widows), shopkeepers. Some women served as doctors. Some widows were also responsible for running some of the large plantations in the South after the death or even in the absence of a husband. Status for women in the new world was better than in England because of the frontier lifestyle and because their were so fewer women than men. Puritans even had laws against physically abusing women and even allowed some divorces if the women could prove the man was not living up to his obligations as a husband.

21. Triangular Trade Triangular Trade is the practice exchanging raw materials, finished products, and slaves as a cycle between Europe, Africa, and the New WorldTriangular Trade is the practice exchanging raw materials, finished products, and slaves as a cycle between Europe, Africa, and the New World

22. Slavery The Middle Passage Auctions Life in the South Life in the North The first slaves brought to the English colonies were treated as indentured servants and granted their freedom after a certain number of years or if they agreed to be baptized as Christians. However, the practice quickly changed and Africans were forced to come to America and work as slaves. Slaves were transported on along the middle passage of the triangular trade route. The conditions on this voyage were deplorable and inhumane. Africans were stolen from their homes, chained together, forced to endure cramped conditions with little air, water, food, or room to move. When they arrived in the New World they were sold on auction blocks. Slavery existed in all colonies during the Colonial period. In the North, families often owned one or two slaves who lived with them and helped to do household tasks and farming. In the South, which had more slaves than the North, they lived on plantations in conditions that varied depending on the wealth and character of the plantation owner. The first slaves brought to the English colonies were treated as indentured servants and granted their freedom after a certain number of years or if they agreed to be baptized as Christians. However, the practice quickly changed and Africans were forced to come to America and work as slaves. Slaves were transported on along the middle passage of the triangular trade route. The conditions on this voyage were deplorable and inhumane. Africans were stolen from their homes, chained together, forced to endure cramped conditions with little air, water, food, or room to move. When they arrived in the New World they were sold on auction blocks. Slavery existed in all colonies during the Colonial period. In the North, families often owned one or two slaves who lived with them and helped to do household tasks and farming. In the South, which had more slaves than the North, they lived on plantations in conditions that varied depending on the wealth and character of the plantation owner.

23. Key People Sir Walter Raleigh John Smith William Bradford Squanto Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson Lord Baltimore Duke of York William Penn James Oglethorpe Eliza Pinckney

24. Key Terms Colony Joint stock company Cash crop House of Burgess Maryland Toleration Act Royal colony Proprietary colony Charter colony Magna carta Triangular trade Middle passage Indentured servants