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Age of Reason

Age of Reason. Chapter 15. Scientific Discoveries. Medieval Times – studied ancients and church traditions Renaissance – advances in learning Reformation – challenged the church. The Scientific Method. 1.) Recognizing the inadequacy of existing knowledge to explain a given question.

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Age of Reason

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  1. Age of Reason Chapter 15

  2. Scientific Discoveries • Medieval Times – studied ancients and church traditions • Renaissance – advances in learning • Reformation – challenged the church

  3. The Scientific Method • 1.) Recognizing the inadequacy of existing knowledge to explain a given question. • 2.) Gathering observations in an attempt to find possible answers. • 3.) Seeking to find a patter in the observations upon which to base conclusions or theories. • 4.) Choosing the most appropriate conclusion to explain the observations. • 5.) Verifying the derived conclusion by further observation and experimentation.

  4. Scientific method answers “how”, not “why”

  5. The Scientific Tools • Telescopes, microscopes, thermometer, barometer • Calculus, analytical geometry, logarithms, side rule

  6. The Scientific Revolution • Increased man’s knowledge of physical world

  7. Astronomy

  8. Ptolemy

  9. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) • Questioned Earth being center of universe • Geocentric vs Heliocentric • Tried as a heretic

  10. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Orbits are elliptical • Click here to watch video

  11. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Physics • Discovered pendulums keep time – grandfather clocks • Improved telescopes • Tried as heretic, but recanted

  12. Click Here to watch video of how a pendulum clock works!

  13. Sir Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) • Astronomy, Physics, Mathematics • “White Light” is a prism of color • Reflecting telescope • Gravity, and orbital gravity • Principia - 1687

  14. Click Here to Watch Video on Centrifugal Force Click here to watch another really cool video!!!

  15. Medicine

  16. Andreas Vesalius (vuh SAY lee us) (1514-1564) • On the Fabric of the Human Body • Used cadavers • “Father of Anatomy”

  17. Paracelsus (PEHR us SEL sus) (1493 – 1541) • Name means “better than Celsus” • Believed in using chemicals since bodies are largely chemical in nature. • Wrong in many ways, but made many advances

  18. William Harvey (1578-1657) • “Father of Experimental Biology” • Studied heart and circulatory system • Discovered heart pumps • Liver and heart do not make different bloods • Blood is not “consumed” but “circulated”

  19. Edward Jenner (1749-1823) • Smallpox Vaccination! • Studied milkmaids. If they got cowpox, they did not get smallpox • “Vaccination” comes from “Vaccinia” meaning “Cowpox” in Latin

  20. Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794)(luh VWAH ZEE AY) • “Father of Modern Chemistry” • Logical, not fanciful, names for chemicals. • Law of conservation of matter

  21. Other Contributors

  22. Anton can Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) (LAY wun hook) • His microscopes x160! • Discovered microbes and bacteria

  23. Gerhardus Mercator (1512-1594) • Mercator Projection • A way to map earth on a flat surface.

  24. Chemistry • Used to believe in alchemy • Now analyze chemicals for the properties

  25. Robert Boyle (1627-1691) • Law of inverse gas pressure – “Boyle’s Law” • Avid Christian

  26. Joseph Priestley (1733-1804) • Discovered Ammonia, oxygen, nitrous oxide (laughing gas), hydrochloric acid, and carbon dioxide • Sodas! • Experimented with electricity because of Benjamin Franklin

  27. Intellectual Attitudes Section 2

  28. Scientific Method applied to study of man and truth • Intellectual movement known as Enlightenment • Rationalism – reason was only true source of knowledge and truth

  29. Forerunners of the Enlightenment Approaches to Learning • Inductive Reasoning • Deductive Reasoning

  30. Inductive Reasoning • Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626) English Philosopher • NovumOrganum– criticized old methods for finding conclusions. • Hated generalizations • Questioned everything • Observation and experimentation • Inductive Reasoning – Reasoning from specific cases to a general conclusion

  31. Deductive Reasoning • Rene Descartes (1596-1650) – French Philosopher and mathematician • Man can be deceived by senses….thus observations are inaccurate. • He doubted everything • Deductive Method – Reasoning from General to Specific • “I doubt, therefore I think; I think, therefore I am.”

  32. Inductive and deductive reasoning were vital elements of the scientific method, helping scientists to understand the natural world. But could these same reasoning processes be applied to the study of man and society? Through reason, could man comprehend the spiritual realm? And what was the relationship between the physical and spiritual worlds? Philosophers of the 17th century sought answers to these questions.

  33. Descartes • Dualism – “two” • Spiritual and Physical • Cannot reason God, but can reason the physical • Believed only in reason

  34. Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) • Mathematical deduction to develop ideas • Pantheism • Did not view God as separate from his creation, nor a personal being

  35. John Locke (1632-1704) • Empiricism – all knowledge comes through experience • Babies are blank tablets – Tabula Rasa • Rejected original sin, people basically good

  36. Spokesmen of the Enlightenment • Philosophers – thinkers and social reformers • Challenged established values and institutions • Religion was restrictive • Secular society, religious toleration, freedom of speech, natural rights of all men • Believed in perfectibility

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