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ELECTRONS IN ATOMS

Explore the arrangement and energy levels of electrons in atoms based on Schrödinger's Wave Equation and the Aufbau Principle. Learn about orbital shapes, electron density, and the application of Hund’s rule in subshells. Dive into the significance of electrons in determining chemical and physical properties of elements.

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ELECTRONS IN ATOMS

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  1. ELECTRONS IN ATOMS

  2. Address of electrons in atoms

  3. ELECTRONS IN ORBIT ABOUT THE NUCLEUS

  4. Where 90% of the e- density is found for the 1s orbital e- density (1s orbital) falls off rapidly as distance from nucleus increases ELECTRON DENSITY OF 1s ORBITAL

  5. Schrödinger Wave Equation  = fn(n, l, ml, ms) ______________________________ l for a given value of n, l= 0, 1, 2, 3, … n-1 l = 0 s orbital l = 1 p orbital l = 2 d orbital l = 3 f orbital n = 1, l = 0 n = 2, l = 0 or 1 n = 3, l = 0, 1, or 2 Shape of the “volume” of space that the e- occupies

  6. l = 0 (s orbitals) l = 1 (p orbitals)

  7. l = 2 (d orbitals)

  8. ml = -1 ml = 0 ml = 1 ml = -2 ml = -1 ml = 0 ml = 1 ml = 2

  9. ( ) En = -RH 1 n2 n=1 n=2 n=3 Energy of orbitals in a single electron atom Energy depends only on principal quantum number n

  10. n=1 l = 0 n=2 l = 0 n=2 l = 1 n=3 l = 0 n=3 l = 1 n=3 l = 2 Energy of orbitals in a many-electron atom Energy depends on n and l

  11. Fill lowest energy orbitals first (Aufbau principle) He 2 electrons He 1s2

  12. Fill lowest energy orbitals first (Aufbau principle) Li 3 electrons Li 1s22s1

  13. Fill lowest energy orbitals first (Aufbau principle) Be 4 electrons Be 1s22s2

  14. Fill lowest energy orbitals first (Aufbau principle) B 5 electrons B 1s22s22p1

  15. Fill lowest energy orbitals first (Aufbau principle) ? C 6 electrons C 1s22s22p2

  16. Hund’s rule: The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins. C 6 electrons C 1s22s22p2

  17. Hund’s rule: The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins. ? N 7 electrons N 1s22s22p3

  18. Hund’s rule: The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins. N 7 electrons N 1s22s22p3

  19. Hund’s rule: The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins. O 8 electrons O 1s22s22p4

  20. Hund’s rule: The most stable arrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins. F 9 electrons F 1s22s22p5

  21. Hund’s rule: The most stablearrangement of electrons in subshells is the one with the greatest number of parallel spins. Ne 10 electrons Ne 1s22s22p6

  22. Order of orbitals (filling) in multi-electron atom 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s

  23. Outermost subshell being filled with electrons

  24. Electrons determine all of the chemical properties and some of the physical properties of elements.

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