Turn and Talk

1. Turn and Talk What qualities does a good leader need to possess? Be able explain at least 3 qualities a leader must possess.

2. LAUNCHING A NEW REPUBLIC April 30, 1789- George Washington’s arrives in New York City This Presentation accompanies the 8th Grade United States History Textbook: Creating America-Chapter 9

3. Washington’s Inauguration • George Washington knew that he would be setting the example for all President’s after him. • Crowds lined the street on April 30, 1789. Washington made his way to his inauguration ceremony in New York at Federal Hall. When finished, the crowd yelled “God bless our President”. • Washington defined the the role of the office of the President. Presidents today still follow many examples he sat down. Washington Meets with Foreign Visitors to America Click on the Federal Hall Memorial as it looks today to view a 13 minute presentation on George Washington as President of the U.S.

4. DUTIES OF FIRST PRESIDENT • The first duty of Washington was to “fill in the blanks” of the constitution. • The constitution does not focus on all of the details of the government. • The first focus was put on the Supreme Court. Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which declared that the Supreme Court would consist of 5 justices and a chief justice. • This law also set up several other federal courts. John Jay First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

7. PRESIDENTIAL CABINET • Congress created three departments to help the President. The head of each of those departments, plus the attorney general made up Washington’s Cabinet. Dept. of State: Thomas Jefferson Attorney Gen: Edmund Randolph Dept-Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Department of War: Henry Knox (Clockwise from top left)

8. Washington’s Cabinet • Attorney General (Edmond Randolph) to advise the government on legal matters. • Secretary of the Treasury(Alexander Hamilton) to manage the government’s money. • Secretary of State (Thomas Jefferson) oversee the relations between the U.S. and other countries. • Secretary of War(Henry Knox) oversee the nation’s defenses.

9. The Constitution does not mention the President’s cabinet, but Washington gathered these men to help advise him, just as Presidents do today. • The presidential Cabinet has grown from 4 to 15 today. The newest cabinet position was the Homeland Security Department. • Each president chooses how much to use the cabinet. Andrew Jackson called together his cabinet only 16 times in 8 years. However, Presidents today meet usually every week. Abraham Lincoln and his Cabinet during the Civil War George W. Bush meets with Advisors in September 12, 2001

10. The U.S. government and many states still owed a lot of money from the Revolutionary War. HAMILTON GOES TO WORK • George Washington turned to his new Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, to deal with the nearly $52 Million in debt. • Hamilton developed a 3 step plan to improve the new country’s finances: • 1. Pay off the debt • 2. Raise government revenue • 3. Creating a national bank

11. HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC SYSTEM • Hamilton’s philosophies on economics were developed from the teachings of Adam Smith in his book, “The Wealth of Nations”. • Smith’s writings about the Free Enterprise System were based on the idea that people are free to buy and sell as the market drives the need. In other words, the government does not interfere with it’s people’s right to buy and sell unless public safety is threatened or Capitalism is threatened. • After rebelling against the British Mercantilism, the new United States was naturally set up for free enterprise.

12. PROTECTIVE TARIFFS • A tariff is a tax on an imported good. • Another part of Hamilton’s plan depended upon the use of protective tariffs. • These taxes on imported goods from other countries raised money for the government and encouraged citizens to buy American made goods.

13. On Your Own Read page 279 -281 ‘Hamilton’s Financial Plan’ Why did Hamilton favor imposing high tariffs on foreign goods and creating a national bank?

14. HAMILTON’S PLAN & JEFFERSON’S RESPONSE • Hamilton believed that all of the new country’s debt should be paid off. He attempted to combine the state and federal debt into one bond to be paid off all at once. • Hamilton knew that this plan would only pass with southern support, which was unlikely because much of the south had already paid off its debt. Hamilton turned to a political enemy, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson was leading Democratic-Republican in the government. • Jefferson (and the south) eventually supported Hamilton’s plan because Hamilton promised to support the move of the capital out of New York and into the south. (Wash. D.C.).

15. ALEXANDER HAMILTON • Washington appointed Alexander Hamilton as the first Secretary of the Treasury, and his influence on the United States economic system can still be seen today. • Hamilton’s philosophy was based on the idea that American success depended upon businesses. Therefore he often favored businesses over farmers or artisans • Hamilton subscribed to a “loose constructionist” view of the constitution, and he felt that the Federal Government should be much stronger than the states.

16. THOMAS JEFFERSON • Thomas Jefferson was the first Secretary of the Department of the State. Like George Washington, he was a Virginian and well liked by many in Congress. • Jefferson was well schooled in agriculture He felt that the future of the United States was in its agricultural base. • Unlike Hamilton he subscribed to a “Strict Constructionist” view of the Constitution, and he felt the states should maintain as much power as possible over any federal government.

17. Interpreting the Constitution • STRICT CONSTRUCTION: only what the Constitution clearly states – favored by Jefferson and Madison. • LOOSE CONSTRUCTION: the Constitution should be flexible to meet the needs of the country (Elastic Clause) – favored by Hamilton and Adams. • Jefferson and Hamilton argued these points on the creation of the National Bank.

18. During Washington’s Presidency, a split between those in the government slowly developed based on beliefs about the power of the Federal government. • Alexander Hamilton’s attempts to develop a National Bank were argued against by Strict Constructionist such as Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. They believed the Constitution did not allow for the creation of such a bank and the Federal government did not have power to create the bank. • George Washington agreed with Hamilton and the National Bank was set up in 1791. NATIONAL BANK DEBATE Hamilton Jefferson Madison

19. NATIONALSECURITY • The British had never truly removed their forts from the Ohio valley after the Revolution. • Jay’s Treaty attempted to create a new treaty with Britain. After the American victory over a large Indian force at Fallen Timbers, the British agreed to leave the Ohio Valley and allow Americans to trade in the West Indies. • The U.S. also organized a treaty with Spain. Pinkney’s Treaty guaranteed the U.S. the right to have boats on the Mississippi river and Spain agreed to American borders. “Mad”Anthony Wayne Leader of the victorious American forces at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

20. WHISKEY REBELLION • In 1793, Alexander Hamilton had proposed a tax on Whiskey sold and made in the U.S. • Farmers in Western Pennsylvania began to attack tax collectors and revolt against local authority. ***There was never actually a fight, the rebels ran back home and gave up before the troops arrived, but these federal Troops proved that the federal government had the power and will to enforce its laws.

21. Foreign Policy and the French Revolution • Many Americans were in favor of allying with a European power. They felt it would be in America’s best interest to be associated with a strong power from Europe. • George Washington was in favor of maintaining neutrality, however, when the French Revolution began, American neutrality was put to the test. • Many well know Americans had spent time in France such as Thomas Jefferson and Ben Franklin. None the less, America was able to stay committed to neutrality for the next 150 years. An executioner, during the French Revolution

22. WASHINGTON SAYS GOODBYE • George Washington choose not to serve as President for a 3rd term. He believed that it was appropriate for a President to serve no more than 8 years. As Washington was leaving office, he gave a speech that has come to be called, “Washington’s Farewell Address”. In the Address, Washington ask 3 things of the county: 1. Try to avoid political party politics. 2. Avoid influences of foreign governments 3. Avoid any permanent alliances with other countries.

23. WASHINGTON’S RETIREMENT Washington Retired to his home at Mt. Vernon, Virginia, with his wife Martha and the rest of his family. He died in 1798. • Washington had set examples (or precedents) for American Presidents that came after him. His ideas such as America remaining neutral, using a cabinet, and serving only two terms lasted well over 100 years. Want to see what Washington really looked like? Click Mt. Vernon.

24. BIRTH OF POLITICAL PARTIES Leaders of the Federalist Leaders of the Dem. Republicans HAMILTON ADAMS MADISON JEFFERSON • Even as Washington argued against political parties, they continued to grow in strength during and after his Presidency. Leaders emerged for each and those in the government take sides based on their political beliefs. **Political parties, in America, were born out of disagreements about the power of the Federal government and disagreements over foreign policy.

25. Political “Platform” of the First Political Parties Federalist Party • Leaders: John Adams and Alexander Hamilton • Typical Followers: Business owners from the Northeast • Philosophy: Strong central government benefits the economy / The federal government should maintain most of the power. • Constitutional View: Loose Constructionist Democratic Republican Party • Leaders: Thomas Jefferson and James Madison • Typical Followers: Farmers and Artisans • Philosophy: Low Taxes and Small Government / The states should control the majority of government. • Constitutional View: Strict Constructionist

26. John Adams • John Adams, Vice President under Washington was victorious in the election of 1796. Thomas Jefferson, who had the second most votes, became the Vice President • John Adams was the first President to live in the White House. He also had to avert a full scale war with France. • Adams would only be president 1 term before he would be defeated by his own Vice-President, Thomas Jefferson, in 1800.

27. XYZ AFFAIR • President John Adams sent peace envoys to France to deal with some diplomatic problems. After weeks, 3 men (later called X, Y, and Z) ask for a bribe and for the US to “loan” France $10 million. • When Adams, Congress and the American people found out, they were furious. Congress cancelled its Treaties with France and prepared for war. America and France began fighting an “Undeclared War” on the ocean. The U.S. was very successful, and by 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte had taken control of France. He wanted peace with the US. • The Agreement of 1800, secured peace for the US and France to travel on the oceans.

28. ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS 1798 Newspaper Writer, William Duane • 1798 the Federalist controlled Congress passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, despite opposition of the Democratic Republicans. • It now took, 14 years to become a citizen instead of 5, which hindered much of the immigrant's Republican voting power. It also made it illegal for ANY person to speak against the government (SEDITION). • Jefferson and Madison fought against these acts. By the time, Jefferson became President in 1800, the law was weak enough to be eliminated. Accused of Sedition

29. Peace with France • The two political parties were arguing and “fighting” for power at home. Adams attempted to make peace with France, even though it made him many enemies in both parties. • France and the U.S. signed the Agreement of 1800 which led to peace on the oceans. Adams felt that avoiding this war was his most important act as President.

30. Election of 1800 • In election of 1800, old friends, Jefferson and Adams, insulted and criticized each other the likes of which the country had never seen. • Jefferson was eventually the winner of the election, but it was so close that bitter and often insulting campaigns became a part of American politics that still remain today.