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Protein Synthesis

This overview explores how genes coded within chromosomes influence specific traits like eye and hair color through the process of protein synthesis. We discuss the roles of DNA and RNA, highlighting the steps of transcription and translation. Discover the significance of messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in carrying genetic information from the nucleus to ribosomes, where proteins are formed. Learn how codons and anti-codons work together to synthesize proteins that shape our characteristics.

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis

  2. I. How do chromosomes lead to specific traits? A. Chromosomes are made of DNA • Parts of DNA code for a protein • A protein relates to a trait or a gene (examples: eye color, hair color, enzymes, hormones…)

  3. How do we get proteins from genes (coding DNA)? Let’s find out: http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302

  4. Function of RNA • 1) DNA cannot leave the nucleus (it’s stuck)  • 2) RNA carries a copy of code to the ribosomes

  5. Review Structure of RNA • 1) RNA - Ribonucleic Acid a) the sugar in RNA is ribose b) in RNA the base thymine is replaced with URACIL.

  6. Types of RNA a) r RNA - Ribosomal RNA - makes up ribosomes b) mRNA- messenger RNA -carries the genetic code out of the nucleus to the ribosomes

  7. Types of RNA Cont c) tRNA- Transfer RNA - transfers amino acids to the ribosome in order to make proteins

  8. mRNA Structure • A group of 3 mRNA nucleotides is called a codon.

  9. tRNA Structure • A group of 3 tRNA nucleotides is called an anti-codon (opposite of the codon) ex. mRNA codon = UAG tRNA anti-codon = AUC

  10. Protein Synthesis • 1) Transcription (in the nucleus) • 2) Translation (in the cytoplasm)

  11. Transcription • Transcription - mRNA is copied from DNA • Steps: 1) DNA unzips 2) RNA nucleotides bond to the exposed bases on the DNA strand 3) Transcription continues until a stop” codon is reached

  12. Transcription

  13. Translation • Translation- mRNA is used to make protein • Steps: 1) mRNA leaves the DNA in the nucleus and travels to a ribosome 2) the ribosome begin “translating” the mRNA into protein when it reaches a “start” codon

  14. Translation 3) tRNA brings amino acids 4) Translation continues until a “stop” codon is reached.

  15. Translation

  16. tRNA Structure • Anti-codon on one end • Amino acid on other

  17. Translation 1) tRNA molecules match their anti-codon to the mRNA codon 2) A protein is formed

  18. tRNA Protein (amino acid chain) Ribosome mRNA

  19. Amino Acids • 20 possible amino acids • Each tRNA anti codon has a specific one

  20. Amino Acids Third Letter

  21. TRANSCRIPTION (in the nucleus) 1. DNA helix opens 2. mRNA chain is copied from DNA TRANSLATION (in the cytoplasm) 1. mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm 2. tRNA molecules carrying amino acids match anti-codon to mRNA codon 3. Amino acids are released and bonded together to make a protein. Review

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