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Respiration

Respiration. More free powerpoints at www.worldofteaching.com. Biological systems need energy!. To do “work” Chemical activities Growth Movement Reproduction Repair ? Stored in CHEMICAL BONDS. Chemical Energy…………. Stored in? Food (Plant or Animal) Made by Producers in?

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Respiration

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  1. Respiration More free powerpoints at www.worldofteaching.com

  2. Biological systems need energy! • To do “work” • Chemical activities • Growth • Movement • Reproduction • Repair • ? Stored in • CHEMICAL BONDS

  3. Chemical Energy………….. • Stored in? • Food (Plant or Animal) • Made by Producers in? • Photosynthesis as? • Glucose sugar • Energy is released? • Respiration, breaks • the chemical bonds

  4. Adenosine triphosphate • The energy released during respiration is not used directly by cells. • Instead it is used to make a molecule called ATP which stores the energy until it is needed. ATP = Adenosine triphosphate

  5. What does ATP do? • ATP supplies energy for all the processes that need it. • For example: • movement • chemical reactions • growth. slow twitch/fast twitch investigation

  6. ATP cell energy • High energy molecule • Supplies cell energy • ATP cycles from ADP by addition of a high energy phosphate from the release of chemical energy in respiration

  7. ADP to ATP cycle ADP +P • ADP=di phosphate • ATP= tri phosphate • ATP makes a muscle work High energy ATP -P after cell work ADP in cell

  8. adenosine Pi Pi + Pi adenosine Pi Pi Pi Energy from respiration Enzymes Energy Rich bond formed

  9. Stored energy in glucose bonds ADP in cell + + Respiration P Forms ATP so cell can do work = Release of food energy

  10. ATP • adenine tri-phosphate • The energy currency of the cell • the “battery” for energy reactions

  11. Formation of ATP ATP is made when another molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is bonded to a third inorganic phosphate (Pi) using the energy released from glucose.

  12. Summarized as: ADP + Pi ATP The whole process is under the control of enzymes

  13. Calculating energy in food • A given amount of any substance always requires the same amount of energy to produce a particular increase in temperature. • 1000g of water needs………………..4.2 kJ to make its temperature rise by 1 oC • A calorie is the energy needed to raise 1 gram of water one degree C. • A food Calorie is really a Kilocalorie

  14. Calorimeter

  15. Light energy • Primary Energy Source for all living organisms

  16. Plant Photosynthesis…….. • Makes Food • Uses • Sunlight • Carbon dioxide • Water • Chlorophyll

  17. Chemical Equation- Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide + water +energy=food + oxygen (sugar) 6CO2 + 6 H20 -> C6H1206 + 6O2

  18. Cellular Respiration • BOTH plants & animals breakdown food 1. Releases energy 2. Makes cell energy 3. Reverse of photosynthesis !

  19. Respiration Equation • Opposite of Photosynthesis food + oxygen = ATP+ CO2 +H20 C6H1206 + 6O2->ATP+ 6CO2 +6H20

  20. Burning: Activated by friction Heat Energy Light Energy Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Respiration: Activated by enzymes Heat Energy ATP cell energy Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Burning versus Respiration

  21. Cellular Respiration………. • Breakdown of Food • Occurs in the Mitochondria of • Plant & Animal Cells • Produces? • ATP cell energy • CO2 gas waste

  22. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Make food Give off O2 Use sunlight Use CO2 RESPIRATION Break apart food Use oxygen Make cell energy Give off CO2 Comparison of both ……..

  23. Chemical Energy from Food • Cells have to convert food into chemical energy. • Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen. • This occurs in the mitochondria.

  24. (Aerobic Pathway)Cellular Respiration • Takes place mostly in mitochondria • 3 primary steps: • Glycolysis in cytoplasm: produces pyruvate and 2 net ATP (anaerobic) • Kreb’s cycle in matrix of mitochondria: converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA (aerobic) • Electron transport chain on membrane of mitochondria: moves electrons to produce 34 ATP (aerobic)

  25. Glycolysis • 1 molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is broken in half into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid( pyruvate). • Glycolysis does NOT require oxygen. • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. • NAD+ is an electron carrier that helps make ATP. • Glycolysis = net gain of 2 ATP because it takes 2 ATP’s to start the reaction and 4 are made.

  26. If Oxygen Is NOT Present… • No O2 after glycolysis-the cell goes into Fermentation • Fermentation releases energy from food in anaerobic conditions. • Anaerobic = without oxygen • 2 Types: alcoholic fermentation lactic acid fermentation

  27. Glycolysis

  28. If Oxygen Is Present… • O2 is present after glycolysis enter the Krebs Cycle • Pyruvic acid (produced by glycolysis) is broken down into CO2 • Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondria

  29. Krebs Cycle – Citric Acid Cycle

  30. Kreb’s Cycle – Citric Acid Cycle

  31. Products of the Krebs Cycle • From one molecule of pyruvic acid • 3 molecules of CO2 • 4 NADH (electron carrier) • 1 FADH2 (electron carrier) • 1 molecule ATP • 2 molecules total of pyruvic acid are broken down

  32. Electron Transport Chain • Electrons are passed from NADH and FADH2 (produced in Krebs) through the electron transport chain. • Electron Transport Chain uses these electrons to convert ADP into ATP. • Oxygen is necessary to rid the wastes produced. ( such as water)

  33. Electron Transport Chain • Each pair of electrons passed down the ETC provides enough energy to convert 3 ADP into 3 ATP. • From the Krebs Cycle • 8 NADH produce 24 ATP • 2 FADH2 produce 4 ATP • 2 NADH from glycolysis produce 4 ATP

  34. End Results • The complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration (including glycolysis) results in the production of 36 ATP molecules. • Glycolysis = 2 ATP • Krebs Cycle = 2 ATP • Electron Transport Chain = 32 ATP

  35. Purpose • Cells have to convert food into CHEMICAL energy. • Example: Glucose into ATP

  36. Purpose • Cellular respiration is the process that releases energyby breaking down foodmolecules in the presence of oxygen.

  37. Process • Reactants: Oxygen and Glucose • Products: Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Energy • Equation: 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

  38. Stages • There are 3 stages of cellular respiration: • Glycolysis • The Krebs Cycle • Electron Transport Chain

  39. Place • The majority of the cellular respiration process occurs in the mitochondria. • Glycolysis—cytoplasm • Krebs Cycle—mitochondria • ETC—mitochondria

  40. Cellular Respiration Overview Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH2 Pyruvic acid Glucose KREBS ETC Glycolysis Mitochondrion Cytoplasm

  41. Overview of Cellular Respiration • The life processes of all organisms require energy. • The potential energy held in the bonds of food molecules CANNOT be used directly by the cell. • Energy from food must be converted to the ONLY energy source that cells can use ATP!

  42. Anaerobic Respiration • Also called fermentation • No oxygen is present • 1 Glucose only partially broken down to form waste products and 2 ATP

  43. Anaerobic Pathways • Glucose  2 lactic acid + 2 ATP • Happens in muscle cells when they run out of oxygen • Happens in bacteria that make yogurt, cheese, dill pickles • Glucose  2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + 2 ATP • Happens in some bacteria • Happens in YEAST

  44. Aerobic Respiration • Has to have oxygen • VERY EFFICIENT • Most organisms on earth are aerobic • 1 glucose completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water. • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + E

  45. Comparing Aerobic & Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Pathways

  46. Adaptations for Respiration • Bacteria, protists & fungi • Respiratory gases are exchanged by diffusion • Plants • Respiratory gases are exchanged through leaves, stems, and roots • Moves in and out of cells by diffusion but leaves and stems also have openings to the environment (stomata and lenticels)

  47. Adaptations for Respiration in Animals • Techniques vary: • Simple diffusion across cell membranes • Diffusion across moist skin into a circulatory system • Openings to the environment that can be flapped open and closed with a circulatory system to transport gases • Specialized respiratory structures (e.g. lungs) to speed exchange of respiratory gases

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