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BACTERIA

BACTERIA. Miss . P ierre. Shapes of bacteria. Ref ( Pg 14 Taylor and Green) & (550 Clegg). http:// www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/83721/Most-bacteria-multiply-by-an-asexual-reproductive-process-called-binary Please take notes. Sexual reproduction. Structure of a virus.

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BACTERIA

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  1. BACTERIA Miss. Pierre

  2. Shapes of bacteria Ref (Pg 14 Taylor and Green) & (550 Clegg)

  3. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/83721/Most-bacteria-multiply-by-an-asexual-reproductive-process-called-binaryhttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/83721/Most-bacteria-multiply-by-an-asexual-reproductive-process-called-binary Please take notes.

  4. Sexual reproduction

  5. Structure of a virus

  6. Viruses have double-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, single-stranded DNA or single-stranded RNA. The genetic material is not typically exposed but covered by a protein coat.

  7. Bacteriophage Bacteria that attack bacteria are called bacteriophages. They have 2 types of life cycles Lytic Lysogenic Ref (pg 20-23;793;834) Taylor and Green Pg 549 Clegg.

  8. Bacteriophage

  9. Gene technology Refers to the procedures involving the manipulation of DNA. The terms genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology often means the same thing Often the application involves changing the genetic make up and thus the properties of an organism. Uses of gene technology include genetic finger printing.

  10. Recombinant DNA Genes from two different sources - often different species - are combined into the same molecule. Example: E.coli and the gene for human insulin two

  11. Biotechnology Biotechnology is the manipulation of organisms to make useful products. Practices that go back centuries: -- Bacteria to make wine and cheese -- Selective breeding of livestock

  12. DNA cloning Gene cloning enable scientists to prepare multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA. A foreign gene is inserted into a bacterial DNA and this molecule is returned to a bacterial cell. Every time this cell reproduces, the foreign DNA is copied as well. In the end, the bacterial clone will make the protein encoded by the foreign gene.

  13. Bacteria are most commonly used as host cells for gene cloning because DNA can be easily isolated and reintroduced into their cells. Bacteria cultures also grow quickly, rapidlyreplicating the foreign genes.

  14. Recap

  15. Application.1. Production of human bacteria by Insulin “Shot gun” approach

  16. Gene cloning and genetic engineering were made possible by the discovery of restriction enzymes that cut DNA molecules at specific locations. The sequence recognised may be 4,6or 8 bases long. Most restrictions enzymes are very specific, recognizing short DNA sequences and cutting at specific point in these sequences. Restriction enzymes are used to make recombinant DNA

  17. Eg: BamHIrecognisesGGATCC BblIIrecognises AGATCT San 3A recognises GATC

  18. Application.2.Use of Reverse Trancription Reverse transcription –is the reverse of normal transcription. A particular sequence of DNA is copied from a messenger RNA template Reverse transcriptase- is an enzyme which catalyses reverse transcription.

  19. Questions. Define the term genome? Why do we say DNA double stranded? What property of DNA is exploited in joining sticky ends? What feature of prokaryotes (bacteria0make then appropriate for recombinant DNA technology rather than eukaryotes? Given just one restriction endonuclease enzyme explain why it cant be used to cut all the genes on a chromosome.

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