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The Pre-Roman World. The Rise of Rome. Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization, Rome. The Origins of Rome. Location Heels – Greece Toe – Sicily Top – Alps Apennines Landscapes – similar to Greece
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The Rise of Rome Greek ways did not die with the end of Greece’s freedom. They were adopted and spread widely by another civilization, Rome.
The Origins of Rome • Location • Heels – Greece • Toe – Sicily • Top – Alps • Apennines • Landscapes – similar to Greece • Better farmland
Where was Rome located? • Geography played a major role. • Tiber River • Source of water • Way to rest of Mediterranean world • Easily cross Tiber River • Built on seven hills • Steep • Stopping place
How did Rome begin? • 2 different legends • Twin brothers: Romulus and Remus • Aeneid • Latins lived there as early as 1000 B.C. • Built huts, tended herds, and grew crops • 700 B.C. banded together to the community known as Rome
Early Influences • Greeks and Etruscans • Etruria – north of Rome • Skilled metalworkers • Rich from mining and trade • Tomb paintings • Changed Rome
Etruscan murals often showed lively scenes of daily life, such as religious ceremonies or people enjoying music and feasts.
The Birth of a Republic • Etruscan rule lasted over 100 years. • Rome – wealthy and powerful • Tarquins • 509 B.C. Rome rebelled • Republic • Small city surrounded by enemies
Birth of a Republic continued • 338 B.C. defeated the other Latins living nearby • 284 B.C. defeated Etruscans • 267 B.C. conquered Greeks in southern Italy • Became masters of almost all of Italy
How did Rome’s treatment of conquered peoples help it to build the Roman Confederation? Rome gave full citizenship to some peoples and the status of allies to others. This gave conquered peoples rights in the Roman republic.
Why was Rome so strong? • Excellent soldiers • Army and discipline • Fighting style • Legions – 6,000 men • Divided then into 60 to 120 soldiers • Roman soldiers – legionaries • Short sword – gladius • Spear - pilum • Each unit carried its own standard.
Shrewd Rulers • Smart planners • military settlements • roads • Roman Confederation • Citizenship • Vote and serve in gov’t • Other peoples --- allies • Used force if necessary
Review • Where did the Greeks live in Italy, and how did they influence Roman civilization? • Describe the two legends that tell of the founding of Rome. Then describe how and when Rome was actually founded. • Describe the Roman conquest of Italy. • How did geography affect the development of civilization in Greece and Italy?
List examples of how geography determined Rome’s location. The Location of Rome
The Location of Rome Rome built on Tiber River Seven hills for good defense Access to sea
The Roman Republic Rome’s republic was shaped by a struggle between wealthy landowners and regular citizens as it gradually expanded the right to vote.
Rome’s Government • 2 classes: • Patricians – wealthy landowners • Made up Rome’s ruling class • Plebeians – artisans, shopkeepers, and owners of small farms (most of Rome’s people) • Less social status • Both were Roman citizens. • Right to vote • Responsibility to serve in army and pay taxes
How the gov’t worked? • Tripartite gov’t • 1. ran gov’t • 2. made laws • 3. acted as judges • Checks and balances
How the gov’t worked?Cont’d • Consuls • 2 (Patricians) were chosen each yr. • Headed army and ran gov’t • Veto power • Praetors • Interpret law and Act as judge in court • Senate • Lawmaking body • Select group of 300 patrician men • Assembly of Centuries
USA Gov’t Roman Gov’t
Plebeians Against Patricians • 494 B.C. – Plebeians go on strike. • Council of Plebs • Elected tribunes who brought plebeian concerns to gov'ts attention • Won right to veto gov’t decisions • 455 B.C. – plebeians and patricians were allowed to marry • 300s B.C. – they were allowed to become consuls
Plebeians Against Patricianscont’d • 287 B.C. – Council of Plebs gained power to pass laws for all Romans. • All male citizens had equal standing at least in theory. • Reality: few wealthy patrician families still had most of the power and women had no voice • Roman Republic became more representative but not a full-fledged Democracy.
Cincinnatus • Best known dictator • 460 B.C. surrounded by a powerful army • Widely admired for his civic duty
Roman Law • Rome’s chief gift to the world • Twelve Tables • Basis for all future Roman laws • Established principle that all free citizens and right to be treated equally • Applied only to Roman citizens • Law of Nations • Stated principles of justice that applied all • Rule of law
Why was it necessary for Rome to create the Law of Nations when it already had the Twelve Tables?
These bundles of rods and axes, called fasces, symbolized the legal authority of Roman Leaders.
How was Carthage founded? • According to legend, Carthage was founded by Queen Dido, who escaped from the Phoenician city of Tyre after her brother killed her husband. When Dido and her followers came to the place on Africa’s north coast where Carthage would stand, she asked the people there if she could claim any land she could enclose with a bull’s hide. They agreed. The queen then had a bull hide cut into thin strips and she used those strips to encircle a large piece of land. On this land, Dido built a fort around which grew the city of Carthage.
Rome Expands • Conquered Italy but had a rival – state of Carthage • Phoenicians • Great trading empire • Largest and richest city in western Mediterranean
Punic Wars First Punic War -- 264 B.C.- 241 B.C. Second Punic War -- 218 B.C. – 202 B.C. Third Punic War -- 149 B.C. – 146 B.C.
The First Punic War • Control of Sicily • Began in 264 B.C. • Lasted for more than 20 years (241 B.C.) • Mostly a naval war • Carthage • Left Sicily • Had to pay a huge fine to Romans
The Second Punic War • Carthage expands into southern Spain • Hannibal • Crossing the Alps
