Models of Injury

1. Models of Injury

2. Current Research Injured people experience more tension, anger, depression, confusion, anxiety, fatigue, & self esteem than non-injured Profile of Mood States (POMS) as the instrument Not developed for injured people only

3. Pxs with Current Research Frequency of testing a px Group similarities/differences Time of 1st data collection

4. Predictive Model Williams & Andersen 1998 Believe they are able to predict injury using psychological variables such as cognitive thinking, physiological variables, behavioral, intrapersonal, social, and stress hx. Most important is:

6. “Individuals who are able to manage stressful situations or interpret certain environment stimuli as being non-stressful may avoid exercise related injury.”

7. Conceptual Basis of Grief Studies asso with bereavement, job loss, marital separation, loss of a pet, loss of a limb Definition “an intense emotional suffering set off by a loss.” Significance of the loss is determined by individual’s value system “active process that changes over time”

8. Concepts of Grief cont Most research focuses on the stages b/t 3-6 stages depending on the researcher Each person grieves in their own manner Not at the same pace

9. Denial as coping strategy Shock, numb, disbelief Normally 1st “This cannot be happening to me” This stage depends on how well the patient is prepared for outcome

10. When denial no longer works …Anger Fear, rage, envy, resentment, hostility, & aggression Friends & loved ones common targets “Why me?” & “Why not someone else?” Unpredictable mood swings Maybe even self abuse

11. Length of denial & anger stages vary from person to person Problematic individuals may stay in these phases longer

12. Grief & bargaining Series of feelings related to the loss or separation Dynamic state Long for what they use to be Live in the past, talk about memories

13. Grief cont This phase is influenced by: Nature of loss Social system of support Personality Coping behaviors Intelligence Social, cultural ethnic and religious backgrounds

14. Initial stage of recovery Bargaining begins Begins talking to a supreme being Attempts to make a deal Desperate effort; final attempt Once they realize there are no miracles coming then they enter the acceptance stage

15. Depression This stage is present in some A sense of great loss Withdraw from activities & social support Verbalized helplessness Lacks sense of purpose

16. Re-integration  Difficult to define A return to “normal”

17. Grief Models versus Cognitive Appraisal Models Cognitive models account for individual differences in response to injury Emphasis is placed on cognition

18. Stress Based Cognitive Appraisal One’s interpretation of an injury will determine the psychological response Relationship has been developed b/t emotional response to injury and injury severity, duration of injury, injury history, social support for rehabilitation, physician rated current injury status, impairment of performance

19. Cognitive Appraisal Concepts Trying to understand the process athletes may experience in response to injury Deals with coping (person’s ever changing efforts to manage circumstances; varies person to person, situation to situation) Primary Appraisal (assessment of what is at stake) Secondary Appraisal (assessment of coping options)

20. Deal more with stress (relationship b/t person & environment) Deals with emotional response & trying to determine why people may experience certain emotions

21. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Selye (1974) – a reactive model to stress When 1st exposed to a stressor, initial response is alarm

22. Injury usually results in Loss of fine or gross motor movement Stress & anxiety Causes inability to obtain goals

23. See Integrated Model of Psychological responses to injury & rehabilitation.