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28. Ethics & Leadership

28. Ethics & Leadership. SLP(E) Course. Why do we need to know about ethics?. Complex battle-field | business-space. Drills & standard procedures not enough. Working at edge of policy. Face moral dilemmas. Under public scrutiny through the media. Ethical theories. Theory:

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28. Ethics & Leadership

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  1. 28. Ethics & Leadership SLP(E) Course

  2. Why do we need to know about ethics? Complex battle-field | business-space. Drills & standard procedures not enough. Working at edge of policy. Face moral dilemmas. Under public scrutiny through the media.

  3. Ethical theories Theory: Provides tools not answers. Help clarify difficult challenges. Assist decision making; tools for debate. Explain & support plans & actions. Two theories: Utilitarianism. Deontology.

  4. 1. Utilitarianism The right action is the one that brings about the best overall consequences. ‘Always ACT so as to bring about the greatest happiness of the greatest number’ Jeremy Bentham,(1748-1832) “The Father of Utilitarianism”

  5. Utilitarianism - Assumptions The ethics of ENDS not MEANS: ‘The end justifies the means’. Guided by moral value: balance between human happiness & avoidance of pain: We each count as ONE.

  6. Case Study - Hiroshima 66,000 Civilians killed. Contemporary assessments said: War would continue for a further year. Up to 1 M additional US casualties. Huge Japanese losses. Okinawa: 80K US & 120K Japanese. ‘To avert a vast indefinite butchery.. at the cost of a few explosions, seemed a miracle of deliverance’.Churchill

  7. Utilitarianism - Assessment Counter-intuitive: is it right to kill civilians (non-combatants) in any circumstances? Is the theory incomplete or just plain false?

  8. 2. Deontology From the Greek ‘Deon’ = a duty | ‘Logos’ = study or science of. About Rights & Duties. Some acts are just wrong | full stop! Murder, rape, torture, intentional (or reckless) killing of civilians. People are ENDS in themselves – not MEANS. Immanuel Kant 1724-1804

  9. Deontology – Human Rights Provides absolute limits and guarantees: Right to life, liberty, security, freedom from torture. Rights are attached to individuals: As opposed to States or communities or peoples. Rights act as TRUMP CARD.

  10. Deontology: Rights vs Duties Rights are absolute – can be forfeit. Our actions against someone must be based on what that person did. Not on the wider situation. An aggressor therefore forfeits right if they wrongly attack you: self-defence. Attacker liable to defensive force. But not the innocent bystander.

  11. Deontology | Application in War Provides an explanation of why intentional killing may not necessarily be wrong. Determines the acceptable aims of war: Self-defence & humanitarian protection. Conditional on: Necessity & proportionality. Discrimination: combatants from non-combatant.

  12. Summary Ethics helps us make decisions in complex, unforeseen circumstances. Two theories: Utilitarianism & Deontology. Individual Rights act as TRUMP CARDS. Unless the individual forfeits those rights. Servicemen…?

  13. 28. Ethics & Leadership SLP(E) Course

  14. Ethical Challenges Exercise SLP(E) Course

  15. Ethical Challenges • At the strategic level ethical dilemmas are likely to be encountered. • In syndicates spend 45 minutes evaluating a case study. • Debate is important, whilst this is an academic exercise, gut feelings are useful indicator! • Use the Theories (Deontology | Utilitarianism). • Nominate (a) speaker(s) to give a short (5 min) presentation to the whole course.

  16. Guidance • What is your initial gut feeling | instinct? • Who are the stakeholders? • Apply Deontology: how does it help? • Apply Utilitarianism: how does it help? • How would you deal with the situation?

  17. Red-Lines and Assumptions • How far would you go? • Over what line would you absolutely not pass? • What is vital ground? • For my Country Right or Wrong? • Which of your assumptions, if they were proved incorrect, would substantially change your position?

  18. ILO: Describe the relationship between ethics and leadership Session Topics • Relevance and purpose • Four approaches to military ethics: the Just War tradition • Pacifism • Realism • Utilitarianism: an ethics of consequences • Deontology: an ethics of rights

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