Chapter 5 Notes

1. Chapter 5 Notes Weight Management and Eating Disorders

2. Section 5.1: Metabolism and Ideal WeightWeight Management and Ideal Weight

3. -The television is inundated with weight-loss ads, yet many Americans are dangerously overweight.-The chances of being overweight at some point in your life are high.

4. How Your Body Uses Food Energy -Metabolism describes all the chemical reactions that occur in the body to break down food and build new materials.-

5. The amount of calories you consume is determined by two factors:--Basel metabolic rate--Level of activity

6. -Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): amount needed to fuel the body’s ongoing processes while the body is at complete rest

7. --Include breathing, circulating blood throughout the body, providing energy to maintain cell function--Does NOT include energy needed to digest food.

8. -Energy Balance Equation: eating the same number of calories that you burn each day.

9. --If you add your BMR to the energy required for all your activities during a 24 hour period, and to the energy needed to digest the food you have eaten you end up with the energy the body needs.

10. --Example: BMR=1000, Activity Level=800, Digestion=180 1000 + 800 + 180 = 1980--Your total energy requirement per day to maintain your current body weight would be 1980.

11. Body Composition-Lean Mass: Total body weight minus the weight due to fat-Essential Fat: The amount of fat needed for certain metabolic processes to occur.

12. -Storage Fat: Excess fat stored in the body-Overweight: Weighing 10 percent more than one’s recommended weight

13. -Obesity: A condition in which one weighs 20 percent more than the recommended weightWeight gain can slowly occur over a long period of time.-An extra 100 calories a day add up to 1 or 2 pounds a month.

14. Section 5.2: Eating Disorders-An estimated 1 million teenagers are affected by eating disorders.-As many as 85% of all people with these disorders are female.

15. -Females are more likely to have an eating disorder because thinness tends to be associated with femininity, sensuality, and being popular.-It is better to see yourself as a fit healthy person.

16. Anorexia Nervosa-Anorexia Nervosa: an eating disorder in which the person refuses to eat because of a fear of weight gain.

17. --Characterized by constant dieting and carrying dieting to the extreme.--Leads to a state of starvation--An obsession with being thin

18. -Anorexics tend to be unable to recognize when they are extremely thin.-Anorexia often occurs as a result of emotional problems

19. -Part of the recovery process often involves helping the anorexic gain independence

20. Effects of Anorexia Nervosa-Physical effects related to excessive weight loss include:--Heart rate, BMR, Body Temperature all drop to low levels

21. -Because the fat stored in the body is used up, the body begins breaking down muscle tissue for energy.

22. --Loss of muscle tissue can cause permanent heart damage.--When this disorder occurs during puberty, sexual maturity and growth will stop.

23. -The anorexic has low self-esteem which is generally the cause of the disorder.--The state of starvation results in frequent depression.

24. --Relationships among family and friends can be strained as the anorexic becomes more and more obsessed with not eating.

25. Treatment-As many as 10% of anorexics die of starvation without treatment.-Treatment requires a team of professionals – physicians, nurses, psychiatrists, family psychologists, and dietitians – working together.-

26. -The first priority of treatment is aimed at meeting the nutritional deficiencies to prevent long-term medical problems.

27. Bulimia-Bulimia: an eating disorder based on a cycle of binging and purging food.--A binge involves eating large amounts of food over a very short period of time.

28. --Purging is either throwing up or using laxatives.Bulimia is far more common in teenage girls than anorexia.

29. Warning Signs of Bulimia-Recurring episodes of binge eating-Feeling of a lack of control over eating behavior during the eating binges.-Regular practice of self-induced vomiting, using laxatives, or using diuretics.

30. -Strict dieting, fasting, or engaging in vigorous exercise to prevent weight gain.-An average of two or more binge eating episodes a week for at least three months.-Persistent over-concern with body shape and weight.

31. Effects of Bulimia-A bulimic may throw up daily to purge.--Throwing up causes the enamel on the teeth to dissolve from exposure to acid from the stomach.

32. --Salivary Glands become large from overproducing saliva to prevent dehydration.--Frequent throwing up can disturb the electrolyte balance in the body and can result in abnormal heart rhythms and kidney damage.

33. -Weight loss due to laxatives can cause water loss.--Excessive laxative use disrupts normal bowel function.-Depression is very common.

34. --Excessive use of diuretics can also cause high blood pressure and dehydration.-The binge-purge cycle tends to dominate the bulimics life.

35. Treatment-Bulimia can be hard to diagnose because its victims appear to be normal weight.Like anorexia, the emotional basis of this disorder lies in the individual’s low self-esteem

36. -Therapy includes training in appropriate nutritional eating habits.

37. Anorexia and Bulimia in Combination-About 30-50 percent of anorexics also go through binge-purge cycles.-Having both disorders increases the health risks.

38. What Should You Do?-Recognize that eating disorders result from too much emphasis on body shape and weight.

39. -Because thinness is highly valued in the United States culture, these disorders occur more frequently here than in other parts of the world.

40. -Learn to be comfortable with your body and realize there is only so much you can do to change it.-If you have, or area at high risk for, an eating disorder, seek help now.

41. Pica-Pica: an eating disorder in which the person eats nonfood substances like starch, clay, or soil.

42. -This disorder generally occurs among pregnant women.-The health dangers of pica result from eating harmful bacteria that could be present in clay, soil, or laundry starch.

43. Section 5.3: Disorders Affecting the Digestive System-Disorders of the digestive system are frequently related to personal choices.

44. -Overeating and eating foods that are hard to digest are the most frequent cause of digestive problems.-Digestive problems can also be the result of a specific disease.

45. Constipation-Constipation: a condition in which bowel movements are infrequent or difficult

46. -Results from too much water being removed in the large intestines.-Constipation may occur due to a:--Low fiber diet--Not drinking enough fluids--Lack of exercise --Stress--Some disease

47. Diarrhea-Diarrhea: loose bowel movements that occur when food moves too quickly through the digestive system and there is not enough time for water to be removed.

48. -Even though the stools are watery, the person should drink plenty of liquids.-During diarrhea there is a loss on nutrition and dehydration can occur.

49. -When diarrhea occurs for a long period of time, the large loss of water can be very dangerous.-If diarrhea lasts for more than two days, a physician should always be consulted.

50. Food Allergies-Allergies brought about by food can cause reactions such as diarrhea, rashes, congestion, sneezing, and itchy watery eyes.