Ch 2 The Science of Biology

1. Ch 2 The Science of Biology • 2.1 Discovery Science Emphasizes inquiry and observation • 2.2 Hypothesis- based science is a search for explanations • 2.3 Understanding science will help you in many areas

2. 2.1 Discovery Science Emphasizes inquiry and observation -Describe the nature of scientific inquiry.-Compare quantitative and qualitative data. -Summarize the nature of discoveryscience. -Distinguish between observations and inferences.-Explain the term generalization

3. 2.1 Discovery Science Emphasizes inquiry and observation -Describe the nature of scientific inquiry • Science as InquiryBiology is defined as the scientific study of life. • What is science? Scienceis a way to answer questions about the natural world. • At the heart of science is inquiry— asking questions about what people observe in nature

4. 2.1 Discovery Science Emphasizes inquiry and observation -Describe the nature of scientific inquiry Inquiry • Starts with curiosity • Ex: A plant’s leaves turn to the sun • Asks questions • Your observations lead to questions: • Ex: What if the plant was put in the dark? • Actively seeks answers • Ex: Experiment with two plants- one in the dark and one in the light

5. 2.1 Discovery Science Emphasizes inquiry and observation -Describe the nature of scientific inquiry Experiments give us Data • Recorded observations are called data • quantitative data – numbers (How many) • qualitative data- descriptions (color) • Data must be clearly recorded and reliable

6. 2.1 Discovery Science Emphasizes inquiry and observation -Describe the nature of scientific inquiry • What Is Discovery Science?-Inferences -logical conclusions based on observations (Fig 2.6) • Generalizations -many specific observations to reach a general conclusion (cell theory) • Figure 2-8A graph is a visual way to uncover general patterns in data. • For example, a generalization here is that girls stop growing, on average, before boys do.

7. 2.1 Discovery Science Emphasizes inquiry and observation -Describe the nature of scientific inquiry • Jane Goodall's research on chimpanzees is an example of discovery science (also called descriptive science). • Discovery science describes natural structures or processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and data collection. www.wic.org www.iskcon.net.au

8. 2.2 Hypothesis based science is a search for explanations-Outline the generalized steps ofhypothesis-based science. -Trace the process of hypothesis-based science through a case study. • Discovering something interesting inspires curious minds to seek an explanation. • And that's when hypothesis-based science comes into play

9. 2.2 Hypothesis based science is a search for explanations-Outline the generalized steps ofhypothesis-based science • Figure 2-10 • Science rarely matches this step-by-step process exactly, inquiry often includes hypotheses

10. 2.2 Hypothesis based science is a search for explanations-Outline the generalized steps ofhypothesis-based science • A hypothesis (plural, hypotheses) is a suggested answer to a scientific question— an explanation on trial. Applying hypothesis-based science to the problem of a failed flashlight leads to a test in the form of an experiment. If the results of the test do not support the hypothesis, other hypotheses can be suggested and tested.

11. A Case Study of Hypothesis-Based Science(click for link) Scarlet Kingsnake-GOOD Eastern Coral-BAD

12. 2.2 Hypothesis based science is a search for explanations. -Trace the process of hypothesis-based science through a case study. Researchers David and KarinPfennigExperiment The story begins with some key observations: Many poisonous animals are brightly colored, with distinctive patterns in some species The question that follows from these observations is: What is the function of such mimicry?

13. 2.2 Hypothesis based science is a search for explanations. -Trace the process of hypothesis-based science through a case study. • Figure 2-16 Results of Pfennig mimicry experiments show a difference in the frequency of attacks on plain brown snakes Compared to snakes with colored rings

14. 2.3 Understanding science will help you in many areas • State how the terms evidence, hypothesis, and theory are used in science. • Explain how scientific models are useful in understanding ideas. • Describe the importance of communication in science. • Distinguish between the roles of science and technology in society

15. 2.3 State how the terms evidence, hypothesis, and theory are used in science • In science, evidence • consists of a collecteddata from observations • and experiments repeated multiple times with similar results

16. 2.3 State how the terms evidence, hypothesis, and theory are used in science Scientists testa hypothesismany times and in different ways. A hypothesis may be revised or even rejected. One way such change occurs is when new tools make new kinds of observations and experiments possible. Pluto

17. 2.3 State how the terms evidence, hypothesis, and theory are used in science • The Limitations of ScienceScientific knowledge is built from confirmedobservations and testablehypotheses • Which questions can science answer? • Is there a Bigfoot in the universe? • Is there a Bigfoot in this room? • Are there angels? • How did the universe/ life begin?

18. 2.3 State how the terms evidence, hypothesis, and theory are used in science • a theory is a well-tested explanation that makes sense of a great variety of scientific observations • Compared to a hypothesis, a theory is much broader in scope. • This is a hypothesis: "Mimicking poisonous snakes is an adaptation that protects nonpoisonous snakes from predators." • But this is a theory: "Adaptations such as mimicry evolve by natural selection."

19. Explain how scientific models are useful in understanding ideas • Have you ever drawn a simple map for a friend who needed directions to your home? If so, you created a model. • Models are physical, mental, or mathematical representations of how people understand a process or an idea

20. Describe the importance of communication in science • Communication in ScienceCartoons and movies sometimes portray scientists as loners working in isolated laboratories. In reality, science is an intensely social activity. • Most scientists work in teams and must be good communicators. • Researchers share their findings by publishingarticles in journals and by giving talks or presenting posters at meetings. • The Internethas become an important way for scientists to exchange ideasand data with colleagues all over the world.

21. Distinguish between the roles of science and technology in society • Science, Technology, and SocietyThe strong link between science and society becomes clear when you add technology to the picture. • James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA • Their discovery led to a variety of DNA technologies. • genetic engineering is producing a new generation of medicines.

22. Distinguish between the roles of science and technology in society • The goal of science is to understand nature through observation • The goal of technology is to apply scientific for some specific purpose. • Scientists speak of "discoveries." • Technologists speak of "inventions.“ velcro