Chapter 8

1. Chapter 8 The Asian World 400 A.D. – 1500 A.D.

2. Modern Day Asia

3. Key Events • Innovations in agricultural production, the reemergence of trade routes, and a unified central government allowed China to prosper under the Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties • Japan’s geography isolated it from other countries and caused the island nation to develop it’s own unique culture • The Muslim expansion made both Islam and Hinduism powerful religions in the Indian subcontinent • Because of the geography of the region, Southeast Asian countries developed into a series of separate states with their own culture, religion, and language

4. The Impact Today • Gunpowder and printing were invented during the Tang dynasty in China • The expansion of Islam into northwestern India is reflected in the current division of the Indian subcontinent into India, which is mostly Hindu, and the two Islamic states of Bangladesh and Pakistan

5. Chapter Preview • “Japan Faces Kublai Khan” • Battle between Japan and China (Mongols led by Kublia Khan) became a victory for Japan with the help of “Supernatural” storms

6. Section 1 China Reunified

7. The Sui Dynasty • The Han dynasty ended in 220 A.D. and China fell into chaos • The Sui dynasty only lasted from 581 – 618, but unified China • Sui Yangdi (The 2nd emperor) • Completed Grand Canal (linking Yellow and Yangtze rivers) • A cruel ruler who was eventually rebelled against and murdered, bringing an end to the dynasty

8. The Tang Dynasty • Lasted from 618 – 907 • Attempted to create a more stable economy • China became the greatest power of east Asia • During the 8th century, the Tang dynasty weakened and were rebelled against. • Eventually unrest led to the collapse in 907

9. The Song Dynasty • Rose to Power in 960 • The Song Dynasty thrived from 960 to 1279 during a period of economic prosperity and cultural achievement • They did have problems with groups invading from the north and occupying large parts of Chinese territory. • Eventually during the 1200’s the Mongols overthrow the Song Dynasty and created a dynasty of their own

10. Government and the Economy • From the Sui to the Song dynasties, the Chinese economy grew in size and complexity. Agriculture flourished and manufacturing and trade grew dramatically. • China was still primarily a farming society. • Reform efforts and improved farming techniques led to an abundance of food. • Technological improvements related to the use of steel and cotton

11. Government and the Economy (continued) • Gunpowder was also invented during the Tang dynasty – used to make explosives and flamethrowers. • The Silk Road trading route was renewed and caravans carried goods back and forth between China and the countries of Southwest and South Asia. • Due to trade, the city of Changan, with a population of 2 million, became the wealthiest city in the world.

12. Silk Road Map

13. Chinese Society • New forms of entertainment – Playing cards and chess (brought from India). • Block printing was invented in the 8th century • Most Chinese people still lived off the land in villages • The scholar-gentry emerged • Dowry was paid from a girl’s parents to her husband upon marriage.

14. Section 2 The Mongols and China

15. The Mongol Empire • The Mongols were pastoral people from the region of modern day Mongolia • Genghis Khan unified the Mongols in the late 1100’s and early 1200’s • Brought much of the Eurasian landmass under a single rule • Genghis Khan died in 1227 and the empire was split into several territories called khanates each under the rule of one of his sons

16. Genghis Khan

17. The Mongol Dynasty in China • In 1279, one of Genghis Khan’s grandsons, named Kublai Khan, continued the Mongol Dynasty • He ruled China until his death in 1294 and established the capital at Khanbaliq (Beijing) • The Mongol dynasty eventually falls due to: • Over spending on foreign conquests • Corruption at court • Growing internal instability

18. Mongol Empire Map

19. Confucianism • Confucianism was dominant in China from the Song dynasty until the early 20th century • Confucianism is a philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius • Confucius believed that moral character and social responsibility were the way to lead a fulfilling life

20. Confucius

21. Buddhism • Brought to China in the first century A.D. by merchants from India • It was popular in the beginning, but was eventually criticized for being a foreign religion • During the later Tang period, the government destroyed countless Buddhist temples • Buddhism no longer received support from the state

22. Neo-Confucianism • Served as a Confucian response to Buddhism • Neo-Confucianism teaches that the world is real, not an illusion, and that fulfillment comes not from withdrawal but from participation in the world • Divide the world into a material world and a spiritual world.

23. Literature and Art • The invention of printing during the Tang dynasty helped to make literature more readily available and more popular • Li Bo and Duo Fu were two of the most popular poets during the Tang era • Tang artists perfected the making of porcelain

24. Section 3 Early Japan and Korea

25. The Geography of Japan • Japan is a chain of many islands • The population is on 4 main islands (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku) • Much of Japan is very mountainous • The mountains are volcanic in origin • Volcanic soils are very fertile, which has helped in farming. However, the area is very prone to earthquakes.

26. Japan

27. The Rise of the Japanese State • The people were divided between a small aristocratic class (the rulers) and a large population of rice farmers, artisans, and household servants • Local rulers of each group protected the population in return for a share of the harvest

28. Rice Farmers

29. Samurai Warriors • With little central power, aristocrats took justice into their own hands by employing samurai warriors to protect their security and property • The samurai lived by a strict warrior code (Bushido). • Above all , the samurai’s code was based on loyalty to his lord.

30. Shogunate • A powerful noble, MinamotoYoritomo, defeated several rivals and set up power near the modern city of Tokyo • Created a centralized government called shogunateunder a military leader (shogun) • In 1281 Japan was invaded by 150,000 Mongols under Kublai Khan (Destroyed by a massive typhoon)

31. Collapse of Central Rule • The power of aristocrats grew in the 14th and 15th centuries • Daimyo (“great names”) controlled large land estates that owed no tax to the government • By 1500, Japan was close to chaos. A disastrous civil war from 1467 – 1477, led to the virtual destruction of Kyoto.

32. Life in Early Japan • Mostly a farming society, growing wet rice. Noble families controlled most of the land • Manufacturing and trade later began in the Kamakura period. • Shipped out raw materials, paintings, swords, and manufactured goods in return for silk, porcelain, books, and copper coins.

33. Women and Religion in Japan • Women were clearly considered subordinate. A husband could divorce his wife if she did not produce a male child, or if she committed adultery, talked too much, was jealous, or had a serious illness. • Religious beliefs were of Shinto, which is still practiced today. • Buddhism also evolved in Japan, specifically Zen Buddhism.

34. “Golden Pavilion” Art

35. Section 4 India after the Guptas

36. The Decline of Buddhism • A Split developed among followers of Buddhism • Those that followed the original teachings of the Buddha were called Theravada • Mahayana Buddhists thought that Theravada teachings were too strict for ordinary people • In the end neither sect remained popular in India

37. Eastward Expansion of Islam • Islam became popular in the northwestern corner of the Indian subcontinent and had a major impact on Indian civilization • The impact still exists today in the division of the subcontinent into mostly Hindu India and two Islamic states, Bangladesh and Pakistan

38. Impact if TimurLenk • TimurLenk was the ruler of a Mongol state based in Samarkland • Seized power in 1369 and immediately launched a program of conquest • During the the 1380’s he placed the entire region east of the Caspian Sea under this authority and then occupied Mesopotamia

40. Islam and Indian Society • Muslim rulers in India viewed themselves as foreign conquerors and were intolerant of other faiths • Generally used peaceful means to encourage people to convert to Islam • They realized that there were too many Hindus to convert them all

41. Economy and Daily Life • Between 500 and 1500 most Indians: • Farmed their own tiny plots of land • Paid a share of their harvest to a landlord • Rulers had the most wealth, and rich merchants lived in the cities • India’s location also made it a center for trade between Southwest Asia and East Asia

42. The Wonder of Indian Culture • From the 8th century on, Indian architects built monumental Hindu temples • The greatest example of Hindu temple art of this period are found at Khajuraho • The use of prose was well established in India by the 6th and 7th centuries

43. Hindu Temple in Khajuraho

44. Section 5 Civilization in Southeast Asia

46. The Land and People of Southeast Asia • Mainland region is southward from the China border • Another area is the extensive archipelago, most of which is part of present day Indonesia and the Philippines • The geographical barriers help explain why Southeast Asia is one of the few regions in Asia that were never unified under a single government

47. The Formation of States • Between 500 and 1500, a number of organized states developed throughout Southeast Asia: • Vietnam • Angkor • Thailand • Burma • The Malay World • Review of chart on Page 276

48. Economic Forces • States were of 2 types: • Agricultural: Economy primarily based on farming • Trading: Economy based mainly on trade • Of course, both had some trading and some farming activities

49. Social Structures • Hereditary aristocrats held both political power and economic wealth. • Most of the rest of the population consisted of farmers, fishers, artisans, and merchants. • The majority of the people were rice farmers. • Woman worked side by side with men in the fields and often played an active role in trading activities.

50. Culture and Religion • Famous architecture structure – The temple of Angkor Wat (Surrounded by walls of 1,700 and 1,500 feet) • Eventually a form of Buddhism known as Theravada Buddhism became the religion of the masses in much of Southeast Asia.