Family in the Age of Augustus

1. Family in the Age of Augustus

2. Childhood: adolescence and death Sarcophagus: mourning the death of a child, 2nd c. CE AraPacis(13-9 BCE), Julio-Claudian girl

3. Education: girl reading from a scroll, fresco from the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, 1st c. CE

4. Marriage: dextrarumiunctio (“joining of right hands”) Matronly virtue: lanamfacere(“to make wool”) 2nd c. CE sarcophagus 1st c. CE fresco

5. Family: AraPacis, 13-9 BCEAgrippa Livia(?) Tiberius

6. Family: matrona with young daughter, 1st c. CE

7. Family and the state: Augustus (obv.), Tarpeia about to be crushed by Sabine shields (rev.), 19 BCE

8. Family and the state: Octavia and Mark Antony, 39 BCE “That year [11 BCE] he gave Julia in marriage to Tiberius, and when his sister died, he caused her body to lie in state in the shrine of Julius; and on this occasion also he had a curtain over the corpse. He himself delivered the funeral oration there, and Drusus [Tiberius’ younger brother] delivered one from the rostra; for the mourning was publicly observed and the senators had changed their dress. Her body was carried in the procession by her sons-in‑law [including Iullus Antonius, M. Antony’s son]” (Dio 54.35.4-5)

9. Julia Caesarisfilia (or Julia Augustifilia)39 BCE – 14 CE Julia with Lucius and Gaius, 13 BCE (ages 4 and 7)Laurel crown over her head acknowledges her role in the succession

10. Social class: upper classes pudicitia pose, 1st BCE Augustan matrona, 1st CE Roman woman with jewellry, Egypt, 1st CE

11. Social class: lower classes Marriage of freedpeople:Aurelius Hermia and Philematium, 80 BCE 2nd c. CE sarcophagus CaltiliaMoschis, from her tomb, Ostia, 100-125 CE

12. Social class: clothing Augustus with corona civica:“an oak crown was fixed above my door”(RG 34.2) Livia, basalt, with conservative hairstyle, 1st BC Prima Porta, ca. 20 BCE Man in tunic ,2nd c. CE mosaic toga praetexta, AraPacis stolawith palla, 1st BC/1st CE

13. Social class: seating at public arenase.g., the Colosseum, post-79 CE – after Augustus

14. Women at work Vendors of game Meretrix (prostitute) Nurse Doctor

15. Flirtation Woman flirts with man on a lectus Woman playing a cithara with poet(?) 2nd c. CE 1st c. CE

16. Religion Laresfamiliares with genius of emperor, Pompeii, 1st c. CE Bronze penates with cornucopia (abundance) and patera (dish for libations), 1st-3rd CE Temple of Vesta, Roman forum, adjoining the House of the Vestal Virgins

17. Religion Vestal Virgins banqueting with PontifexMaximus(?), perhaps from the AraPacis Elderly priestess performing a sacrifice, 2nd c. CE

18. Livia Drusilla (later Iulia Augusta), 58 BCE – 29 CE Basalt bust, ca. 25 BCE Livia(?), garlanded, wearing palla, AraPacis, 13-9 BCE Glass gem of Livia and Augustus, 5-14 CE

19. Augustus (center) sacrificing with Livia (r.) and Gaius/Lucius Caesar (l.), late 1st c. BCE altar

20. Portico of Livia (PorticusLiviae) with shrine to Concordia, dedicated 7 BCE by Livia and Tiberius

21. Livia (now Iulia Augusta), as Ceres (wheat, floral garland, cornucopia) and priestess of the cult of divus Augustus with bust of Augustus, post-14 CE

22. Livia as Diva Augusta, dupondius, 42 CE I, Claudius, episode 6: “Queen of Heaven” (4:12)

23. “Quid leges sine moribus / vanaeproficiunt?” (Horace Carmina 3.24.35-36) “What good are empty laws without morals?

24. ReligioAugustanaQuestions to consider • What did religion mean to the Romans? • What did religion mean to Augustus? • How did Augustus utilize religion to promote his program? • How do conservatism, renovation,innovation and transformation play a role in Augustus’ religious program?

25. The implementation of the Augustan religious program • Declaration of war vs. Cleopatra according to the rituals of the fetiales (32 BCE) • Augustus’ role as one of the FratresArvales or “Arval Brothers” (29) • New temples: Deified Caesar (42-40), Apollo on the Palatine (28), Venus Genetrix in Caesar’s Forum, Mars Ultorin the Augustan Forum, Concordia • Emphasis on anniversaries • Assumption of position as pontifexmaximus in 12 BCE; residence of pontifex • Creation of 14 regions, 265 vici and the cult of the LaresCompitales • Creation of the SeviriAugustales • Control over election of pontifices (40 BCE on) • Implementation of the ludisaeculares (“Secular Games”) in 17 BCE

26. Was Augustus divine? • divifilius, 44 BCE • soter, 40 BCE • sacrosanctitas, 36 BCE • oath of allegiance, 32 BCE • prayers of thanksgiving offered annually on Sept. 23, 30 BCE • refusal to allow of him as a god, 30 BCE • Temple of Divine Iulius, 29 BCE • “Augustus,” 27 BCE • Horace Carm. 3.5.1-4, 23 BCE: CaelotonantemcredidimusIovem Regnare; praesensdivushabebitur Augustus adiectisBritannis ImperiogravibusquePersia. We believe that thundering Jupiter rules in heaven; Augustus, you will be considered a living divus, once the Britons and weighty Persia have been added to our empire. • pontifexmaximus, 12 BCE • appointed flamenDialis, recruited Vestal Virgins, reorganized the calendar, took control of the Sibylline Books, authorized the celebration of the LudiCompitales, all in 12-8 BCE

27. What was the significance of the LudiSaeculares and the Carmen Saeculum?(“Secular Games” and the “Secular Hymn”)