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Chapter 10

Chapter 10. First Steps towards Equality. Section I: Battling Segregation. Civil Rights in the Postwar Period The struggle for civil rights increased after WWII Black Veterans were no longer willing to put up with discrimination

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Chapter 10

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  1. Chapter 10 First Steps towards Equality

  2. Section I: Battling Segregation • Civil Rights in the Postwar Period • The struggle for civil rights increased after WWII • Black Veterans were no longer willing to put up with discrimination • In 1948 President Truman desegregated the armed forces and prohibited discrimination in the hiring of federal employees • However, many African-Americans did not share in the prosperity of the 1950’s and still faced seregation in the South.

  3. Section I: Battling Segregation • School Segregation • Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall led the NAACP legal campaign against segregation. • Gaines v. Canada (1938)- U.S. Supreme Court ruled that states must provide black schools within their borders • Sweatt vs. Painter (1950)- U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the University of Texas created an inferior law school for Blacks and therefore had to integrate. In addition, separate law schools hurt Blacks.

  4. Section I: Battling Segregation • School Segregation • McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950): U.S. Supreme Court ruled that schools could not separate Black students from others • Brown vs. Board of Education (1954): U.S. Supreme Court ruled that in public schools the “separate but equal” doctrine was unconstitutional and it made segregation in public schools illegal. Struck down Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

  5. Section I: Battling Segregation • School Segregation • “The Little Rock 9” • Integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. • Governor OrvalFaubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the integration of the school.

  6. Elizabeth Eckford and Hazel Massery- “lynch her! lynch her!”

  7. Section I: Battling Segregation • Other calls for Change • Breaking the Color Line in Professional Baseball • Jackie Robinson- Standout athlete at UCLA • Not necessarily the best player, but definitely the best candidate • Branch Rickey signed Robinson to the Brooklyn Dodgers and he broke the color barrier that had been established since the 1880s on April 15, 1947

  8. Section I: Battling Segregation • Murder of Emmett Till (1955) • Emmett Till was a 14 year old boy from Chicago, IL that went to visit family in Mississippi • Emmett and his cousins went to a store in town . Emmett gave a “cat call” at Carolyn Bryant • Roy Bryant (Carolyn’s husband and J.W. Milam kidnapped Till, beat him, killed him, and tossed his body in the Tallahatchie River. • The two men were acquitted of all charges and later admitted to the crimes to a reporter • His mother insisted on an open casket to show the world what these racist men had done to her son

  9. Emmett and his Mother, Mamie before his trip to MS

  10. Emmett Till after his trip to MS

  11. Section II: The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape • Protesting Segregated Transportation • In the 1950s many city bus systems in the South required black passengers to sit in reserved areas in the back of buses • The Baton Rouge Bus Boycott (1953) • Organized by T.J. Jemison and Raymond Scott • Lasted 5 days • Resulted in the city doing away with most reserved seating on city busses

  12. Section II: The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape • The Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) • Began when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat • Rosa Parks was a seamstress and NAACP secretary in Montgomery, AL • It’s been argued that it was a PLANNED event • NAACP created the Montgomery Improvement Association and chose Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (Age 26) to lead it • In 1956, after over a year of boycotting, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional.

  13. Section II: The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape • Martin Luther King, Jr. • Born January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, GA • Earned his undergraduate degree from Morehouse College (HBCU in Atlanta) in 1948 (at age just 19 years of age) • He later earned a theological degree from Crozer Theological Seminary in 1951 • Also earned a doctorate from Boston University in 1955

  14. Section II: The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape • Martin Luther King, Jr. • He married Coretta Scott in 1953 • Became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, AL in 1954 • He became an active and vocal member of the NAACP • In addition, he was called on to be the first President of the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) • The SCLC highlighted the importance of the role of the church and church leaders such as King seved in the civil rights movement

  15. Section II: The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape • Many Civil Rights groups were committed to the strategy of non-violent resistance, based on the teachings of Mohandas Gandhi • James Lawson led SCLC workshops on non-violent protest

  16. Section II: The Civil Rights Movement Takes Shape • Student Protest • Sit-Ins: • Student led demonstrations would protest by sitting down in a location and refusing to leave. • Performed at segregated lunch counters • During 1960, over 50,000 students involved in sit-ins • By 1960 Woolworth and three other national chains has integrated their lunch counters • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC) created to organize future protests

  17. Section III: The Movement Grows • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) -Northern based civil rights group -new forms of non violent protest against racial discrimination • 1960: Supreme Court- It was Illegal to segregate bus stations • CORE- planned to send integrated groups of FREEDOM RIDERS on bus trips through the South. • Freedom Rides led to violent attacks.

  18. Section III: The Movement Grows • Freedom Rides • 2ndBus -Attacked in Birmingham -Local police did not assist -T. Eugene “Bull” Connor -Chief of Police -Blamed freedom riders for the violence -Result : More riders were sent under protection from President Kennedy.

  19. Continued Struggles • Non-Violent protests were not always successful. • Cities and towns in the south started to meet “non-violence with non-violence.” • Taught protestors progress would come when racists responded to peaceful demonstrations w violence • Protestors focused their attention to Birmingham

  20. Section III: The Movement Grows • Birmingham, 1963 • Southern Christian Leadership Conference -Began a series of boycotts, marches, and sit-ins to protest city’s segregation laws. • Police arrested some 600 people • Bull Connor ordered police to attack the protesters. -Fire hoses, dogs, nigh sticks • What happened because of this?

  21. Section III: The Movement Grows • Summer of 1963 • President Kennedy – suggested legislation giving all Americans the right to be served in all public facilities. • Aug. 28, 1963 -March on Washington -Support for Civil Rights Act - Martin Luther King Jr. “I have a dream speech”

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