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Chemistry 16.1

Chemistry 16.1. Properties of Solutions. 16.1.

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Chemistry 16.1

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  1. Chemistry 16.1

  2. Properties of Solutions 16.1 • A sinkhole forms when the roof of a cave weakens from being dissolved by groundwater and suddenly collapses. One recorded sinkhole swallowed a house, several other buildings, five cars, and a swimming pool! You will learn how the solution process occurs and the factors that influence the process.

  3. 16.1 Solution Formation • Solution Formation • What factors determine the rate at which a substance dissolves?

  4. 16.1 Solution Formation • The compositions of the solvent and the solute determine whether a substance will dissolve. The factors that determine how fast a substance dissolves are • stirring (agitation) • temperature • the surface area of the dissolving particles

  5. 16.1 Solution Formation • A cube of sugar in cold tea dissolves slowly.

  6. 16.1 Solution Formation • Granulated sugar dissolves in cold water more quickly than a sugar cube, especially with stirring.

  7. 16.1 Solution Formation • Granulated sugar dissolves very quickly in hot tea.

  8. 16.1 Solution Formation • Stirring and Solution Formation • Stirring speeds up the dissolving process because fresh solvent (the water in tea) is continually brought into contact with the surface of the solute (sugar).

  9. 16.1 Solution Formation • Temperature and Solution Formation • At higher temperatures, the kinetic energy of water molecules is greater than at lower temperatures, so they move faster. As a result, the solvent molecules collide with the surface of the sugar crystals more frequently and with more force.

  10. 16.1 Solution Formation • Particle Size and Solution Formation • A spoonful of granulated sugar dissolves more quickly than a sugar cube because the smaller particles in granulated sugar expose a much greater surface area to the colliding water molecules.

  11. 16.1 Solubility • Solubility • How is solubility usually expressed?

  12. 16.1 Solubility • A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute for a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. • An unsaturated solution contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure.

  13. 16.1 Solubility • In a saturated solution, the rate of dissolving equals the rate of crystallization, so the total amount of dissolved solute remains constant.

  14. 16.1 Solubility • The solubility of a substance is the amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of a solvent at a specified temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution. • Solubility is often expressed in grams of solute per 100 g of solvent.

  15. 16.1 Solubility • Some liquids combine in all proportions, while others don’t mix at all. • Two liquids are miscible if they dissolve in each other in all proportions. • Two liquids are immiscible if they are insoluble in each other.

  16. 16.1 Solubility • Oil and water are immiscible.

  17. 16.1 Solubility • Vinegar and oil are immiscible.

  18. 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility • Factors Affecting Solubility • What conditions determine the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given solvent?

  19. 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility • Temperature affects the solubility of solid, liquid, and gaseous solutes in a solvent; both temperature and pressure affect the solubility of gaseous solutes.

  20. 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility • Temperature • The solubility of most solid substances increases as the temperature of the solvent increases. • The solubilities of most gases are greater in cold water than in hot.

  21. 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility • The mineral deposits around hot springs result from the cooling of the hot, saturated solution of minerals emerging from the spring.

  22. 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility

  23. 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility • A supersaturated solution contains more solute than it can theoretically hold at a given temperature. • The crystallization of a supersaturated solution can be initiated if a very small crystal, called a seed crystal, of the solute is added.

  24. 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility • A supersaturated solution is clear before a seed crystal is added.

  25. 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility • Crystals begin to form in the solution immediately after the addition of a seed crystal.

  26. 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility • Excess solute crystallizes rapidly.

  27. Factors Affecting Solubility • Simulation 20 • Observe the effect of temperature on the solubility of solids and gases in water.

  28. 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility

  29. 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility • Pressure • Changes in pressure have little effect on the solubility of solids and liquids, but pressure strongly influences the solubility of gases. • Gas solubility increases as the partial pressure of the gas above the solution increases.

  30. 16.1 Factors Affecting Solubility • Henry’s law states that at a given temperature, the solubility (S) of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure (P) of the gas above the liquid.

  31. 16.1

  32. 16.1

  33. 16.1

  34. 16.1

  35. for Sample Problem 16.1 Problem Solving 16.2 Solve Problem 2 with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.

  36. 16.1 Section Quiz. • 16.1.

  37. 16.1 Section Quiz. • 1. For a given substance, which of the following will NOT influence how fast it dissolves? • temperature • amount of agitation • molar mass • size of the crystals

  38. 16.1 Section Quiz. • 2. The solubility of a substance is often expressed as the number of grams of solute per • 100 liters of solvent. • 1 cm3 of solvent. • 100 grams of solution. • 100 grams of solvent.

  39. 16.1 Section Quiz. • 3. The solubility of a gas in a solvent is affected by • both temperature and pressure. • only pressure. • only temperature. • both pressure and agitation.

  40. END OF SHOW

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