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員工報償( Compensation): 總論

10. 員工報償( Compensation): 總論. 學習目標( LEARNING OBJECTIVES). 各類報償的定義 ( differentiate among direct financial compensation, indirect financial compensation, and non-financial rewards) 報償政策七準則 ( the seven criteria for judging the effectiveness of compensation policy)

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員工報償( Compensation): 總論

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  1. 10 員工報償(Compensation): 總論 學習目標(LEARNING OBJECTIVES) • 各類報償的定義 (differentiate among direct financial compensation, indirect financial compensation, and non-financial rewards) • 報償政策七準則 (the seven criteria for judging the effectiveness of compensation policy) • 報償與員工動機、生產力、工作滿意的關係 (how compensation systems relate to employee motivation, productivity, and satisfaction) • 影響報償政策的內在、外在因素 (how external and internal factors relate to a firm’s compensation policy) • 薪資調查 (how pay surveys help create equitable pay systems) • 工作評價(job evaluation)

  2. 直接報償 (Direct financial compensation) 報償制度 (COMPENSATION) 非財務報償 (Non-financial compensation) 間接報償 (Indirect financial compensation) • 稱讚(Praise) • 自尊(Self-esteem) • 認可(Recognition) • 工資(Wages) • 薪資(Salaries) • 紅利(Bonuses) • 佣金(Commissions) • 福利(Benefits) • 服務(Services)

  3. 報償政策(Compensation Policies):效能準則 (Criteria for Effectiveness) • 恰當(Adequate) • 公平(Equitable) • 平衡(Balanced) • 成本效率(Cost-effective) • 安全(Secure) • 提供獎勵(Incentive-providing) • 員工接受(Acceptable to the employee)

  4. 外來影響(External Influences):政府 美國的平等給付法案(EQUAL PAY ACT OF 1963) 收入差距拉近(Earnings gap reduction) • 四分之三的差距被消除了 • 比較價值 (Comparable worth) 的觀念獲提倡 • 要消除男女間薪資收入差距(To close the earnings gap between men and women). 除非因: • 功績(Merit) • 年資 (Seniority) • 因生產的質或量 (Quality or quantity of production) • 其他性別以外的因素 (Or any other fact other than sex)

  5. 外來影響(External Influences):政府 我國的勞動基準法 例如對工資 &工時的規定 (Wage and Hour Regulations): • 最低工資(Minimum wage) • 加班費(Overtime) • Salaried or exempt (from overtime pay) employees • Hourly or nonexempt employees • 童工(Child Labor)

  6. 外來影響(External Influences): 勞力市場(Labor Markets) 國內議題(DOMESTIC ISSUES) • 供需情形導致薪資水準差異化( differential pay levels) • 勞力多元化程度提高(Increasing diversity) 國際議題 (INTERNATIONAL ISSUES) • 國際各地工資懸殊(Global wage differentials) • 海外工作的問題 (working abroad) • 外國勞工聘用的問題

  7. 外來影響(External Influences): 工會(Labor Unions) • 前導者(Pacesetters)設定薪資、福利的要求 • 影響及於非工會會員(non-unionized employees) • 團體協約(Collective bargaining agreements)效力大 • 傾向對年資有利(Tend to support seniority)

  8. 薪酬與工作動機的關係 (一)(Pay and Motivation) 需求理論(NEEDS THEORISTS) • 動機來自於需求(Motivation stems from needs) • 薪酬可滿足某些需求(Pay serves to satisfy some of those needs) 雙因子理論(HERZBERG’S TWO-FACTOR THEORY) • 影響工作行為的因素有兩類 • 保健因素(Hygiene factors) - pay, benefits, working conditions, and supervision • 激勵因素 (Motivators) - include achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, growth, & the work itself

  9. 薪酬與工作動機的關係 (二)(Pay and Motivation) 社會比較理論(Social Comparison) 期望理論(Expectancy) 增強理論(Reinforcement) • Motivation depends on the expectation that effort leads to desired performance and rewards • Motivation depends on the extent to which behavior is rewarded or punished • Degree of perceived fairness (equity) serves to motivate

  10. 薪酬與工作滿足感的關係(Pay and Satisfaction) 滿足感的預測:期望與實際的差距 預防作用 公平的感受 • Pay simply prevents workers from being demotivated • Perceived fairness (equity) of rewards for efforts • Pay versus desired pay • Feelings of entitlement • Relative deprivation

  11. 薪酬與生產力的關係(Pay and Productivity) • 提高生產力必須員工具工作動機(Productivity gains require employee motivation) • 將薪酬與績效掛鉤能提高生產力(Linking pay & performance can lead to higher productivity) • 金錢的重要性因人而異(The importance of money to employees varies among individuals)

  12. 報償決策(Compensation Decisions):三思考方向 其他組織的同樣工作 (Similar jobs in other organizations ) 薪資水準(Pay-level)的問題 組織內不同的工作 (Different jobs within the organization) 薪資結構 (Pay-structure)的問題 組織內相同工作 (Same or similar jobs within the organization) 個別薪資的決定(Individual pay determination)

  13. 薪資結構 • 薪級 (Pay grades),或稱薪等,有兩種 • 單一薪率 (flat rate) • 可變薪率 (varying rate) • 薪幅 (Pay range) • 有涵蓋(相鄰兩職級 • 的薪幅相互涵蓋) • 無涵蓋 舉例 薪級 薪幅(點數表示) 1 0 - 150 2 151 - 250 3 251 - 350 4 351 - 450 5 451 - 550

  14. 報償決策(Compensation Decisions):薪資調查(Pay Surveys) • 可參考的資料包括當地的、地區的、全國的、國際的資料( local, regional, national or international compensation data) • 調查可利用現成的或由本身特別設計的 (existing surveys to conducting your own) • 薪資調查的問題(Pay survey issues): • 有用性如何(Usefulness of surveys) • 調查對象(Who will be surveyed) • 調查方法(The method used) • 蒐集何種資訊(Information gathered)

  15. 報償決策(Compensation Decisions):工作評價(Job Evaluation) • 工作評價是判斷不同工作的相對價值的正式過程(Formal process for determining the relative worth of various jobs) • 重要步驟(Essential steps) • 員工要參與評估過程 • 選取適當的報酬因素 (compensable factors) • 常用的工作評價方法(Frequently used methods) • 排序法 (Job ranking) • 分類法 (Classification or grading systems) • 計分法 (Point system) • 因素比較法 (Factor comparison)

  16. 排序法 (Job ranking) • 最簡易的、最古老的、也最少採用的方法 • 根據工作的困難度或重要性依序排列 • 優點: 簡單易懂/省時 • 缺點: 只知順序,不清楚其間的價值差異

  17. 分類法 (或稱分級法)(Classification or grading systems) • 選定報酬因素 • 發展工作集群(classes) 或等級說明書(grades description) • 將各工作歸入集群 • 美國政府自1949年起採用此法 • 等級說明書重要,其編寫不易 • 此法簡單但往往不夠精確,因屬整體性的評估(evaluating the job as a whole)

  18. 計分法 (Point Method) • 以各報酬因素為評估基礎,使用計點量表的一種工作評價方法。其程序為: • 收集有關工作的資料 • 選定報酬因素 • 界定報酬因素的意義 • 決定報酬因素之相對權數 • 賦予各報酬因素及其各種程度的點數 • 進行評分 • 加總每項工作的總分

  19. 因素比較法(Factor Comparison Method) • 以各報酬因素為評估基礎,使用貨幣化尺度的一種工作評價方法。其程序為: • 取得工作資料 • 選擇特定的標竿工作 • 針對各報酬因素,排列各工作順序 (Ranking) • 依報酬因素分派薪資待遇 (Allocation) • 彙總得到每項工作的本薪

  20. 薪酬制度的新趨勢 寬頻制度 (BROADBANDING) 去層級化 (DELAYERING) • 工作層級減少(Reduction of the number of job levels) • 薪級(pay grades)減少、員工調動彈性(worker flexibility)也增加 • 消除工作間不必要的區分,將公司所有工作僅分成幾個寬廣的薪資薪幅(salary ranges),通常互相涵蓋,同類級薪幅高低差距可達130% • 各類級不再需要賦予職稱 • 加薪要看績效 (basing salary increases on performance)

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