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THE ORGANIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL AID. THE CHEMIST SHOP.
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The good health of it's people is one of a nation's greatest assets. The way a country cares for and builds up this assets gives a fair indication of how good social structure of that country is and what it's advantages and achievements are.
The medical aid either in policlinics or in hospital and different kinds of profilaxis are impossible without application of high effective medicines and good organized pharmaceutical service. The organization and economics of pharmacy gives the basic principles of location and work of pharmaceutical entities and observed the problems of the rational used of limited resourses for pharmaceutical goods manufacture and distribution in order to satisfy the public's needs in profilaxis, health care and deseases treatment.
There are two levels of management in all branches of industry: macro- and micro economics. Macroeconomics: The study of aggregate behavior. How consumers, businesses, and society choose. What determines the level of output that our economy chooses. Microeconomics. An emphasis on individual markets in our economy, i.e., an examination of price-output behavior in purely competitive, oligopolistic, monopolistically competitive, and monopolistic markets.
In pharmaceutical sphere macroeconomics investigates and solves following tasks on the state level: 1. Practically all the states guarantee the receivening of the pharmaceutical aids for the population. The principles of health are reflected in the Medical Care Law and the Constitution of the state and others. 2. The uniting of medical and pharmaceutical aids defenite as a correlation between doctors and pharmacists (9,5-10:1). 3. The principle of the chemists' development and location are usially described in the special documents. For example, the number of people served by one chemists' are: 10 - 12 thousands in USA, 4-5 thousands in England and France, 8 thousand in Austria etc. The different normatives and requirements can be determine in legal acts. (For example, the minimum squiare of the chemists' must be 70 sq. m.)
4. The state requirements to the drugs manufacture and distribution usually based on international norms and conventions. 5. Price policy of the state Microeconomics investigates the tasks belong to the concret enterprise, for example, chemists', pharmaceutical factory, laboratory. The practice of pharmacy Pharmacy is the profession concerned with the preparation, distribution, and use of drugs, Members of this profession are called pharmacists or druggists. They were once called apothecaries. The word pharmacy also refers to a place where drugs are prepared or sold.
Основные субъекты рынка доходность 25% - 45% доходность 30% - 150%+ доходность 1% - 5% Производитель Дистрибьютор Аптека
Most pharmacies, sometimes called drugstores and chemists shops, sell a variety of products in addition to drugs. The practice of pharmacy is the custody, compounding and dispensing of drugs, the provision of non-prescription drugs, health care aids and devices and the provision of information related to drug use. The mission of pharmacy practice is to provide medications and other health care products and services and to help people and society to make the best use of them.
Comprehensive pharmacy service encompasses involvement in activities to secure good health and the avoidance of ill health in the population. When the treatment of ill health is necessary, the quality of each person's medicine use process should be assured to achieve maximum therapeutic benefit and to avoid untoward side effects. This presupposes the acceptance by pharmacists of shared responsibility with other professionals and with patients for the outcome of therapy.
The place where drugs are compounded, dispensed, stored and sold called a chemists shop. It is a shop which dispenses medical drugs and other health-related \ items. Pharmacy (from grech. apotheke is storage, depository; from lat. officina - ! •workshop) is the establishment of health protection, functioning according to the ! license, making and/or retail realization of medicines and other pharmacy assortment. \ Its functioning by the rules set by the current legislation. The task of pharmacy is to provide the population with the skilled, valuable and timely pharmaceutical aid in accordance with the current legislation and international standard „Good Pharmaceutical Practice" (GPP).
Functions of pharmacy are: making of medicines on individual prescriptions and the clinic requirements (production function}; realization of medicines on recipes and without them (trading function); organization of sanitary-informative activity among the population, pharmaceutical care and informative aid to the hospitals on pharmaceutical questions (informative function); providing of the first medical aid and the aid for the privilege category of population (social function).
Drugs are one of the profession most valuable tools. Drug include any substance or mixture of substance manufactured, sold or represented for use in the diagnosis, treatment, mitigation or prevention of a disease, disorder, abnormal physical state or the symptoms thereof, in man or animal. Doctors prescribe drugs to treat or prevent many diseases. They relieve pain and tension and help the body function properly. The use of drugs helped millions of people to live longer and healthier. The many kinds of drugs people use can be classified in several ways.
Table 1 DRUGS PRESCRIPTION READY-MADE EXTEMPOREO US NON- PRESCRIPTION READY-MADE THINGS FOR MEDICAL CARE PLANT DRUGS
Tablets, capsules, pills, inhalation products, gels, powders, ointment, suppositories, liquids such as syrupes, solutions, suspensions, mixtures, drops, tinctures and decoctines ets. thermometers, cups, hot-water bottles, bandages, cotton and gauze etc. NON PRESCRIPTION drugs such as aspirin and some cough medicines are considered safe enough to be sold over the counter that is any drug or product not requiring a prescription for sale. PRESCRIPTION is an order from a practitioner authorizing the dispensing of a drug. Prescription drugs include antibiotics, barbiturates and certain tranquilizers. READY-MADE is a drug which is manifactured at pharmaceutical factory. EXTEMPOREOUS - a drug which is making under the prescription.
The chemists' can classified depends on different characteristics: • the place where it is situated: city, town, country; • the category of population served by it: heriatric, children, for mother and child; • the kinds of medicines sold there: homeopatic, the chemists' of medical herb; • the category of patients served: antydiabetic, dermatologic; « the property and etc.
The chemists' can classified depends on different characteristics: • the place where it is situated: city, town, country; • the category of population served by it: heriatric, children, for mother and child; • the kinds of medicines sold there: homeopatic, the chemists' of medical herb; • the category of patients served: antydiabetic, dermatologic; « the property and etc.
Pharmacy may be state and communal, private and with the collective pattern of ownership (according to the owner) as shown on scheme 2. On a form the management and to the sources of financing distinguish: self-supporting, which independently form profits as difference between the cost of realization and purchase cost of commodity; the state budget pharmacies belonging to the organizational clinic structure and is financed directly from the state budget. In obedience to territorial subordination city and rural pharmacies are determined.
To directions of activity of pharmacy distribute on: retail, which carry out only the retail medicine realization, and hospital, interhospital, self-supporting, the state budget pharmacies, which serve hospital, nursery schools, schools, sanatoriums and other organizations and enterprises, on the cashless form of calculation. Hospital and interhospital pharmacies are named abroad „hospital pharmacies". On the medicine assortment, realized to the users, pharmacies are divided into homoeopathic, preparations of vegetable origin, hormonal preparations, ready made drug, general type - pharmacy, in the assortment of which preparations of different pharmaceutical firms and pharmacotherapeutical groups.
On a functional index pharmacies are divided into productions, which are engaged in the medicine making on the individual recipes of doctors and unproductive, carrying out exceptional realization of industrial production medicine. In obedience to the groups of patients and categories of population, which are mainly served by pharmacies, the specialized pharmacies are determined, for example, geriatrics, „Mother and child" and general type.
The proprietor is the sole owner of a bisiness and has full control of it. He is personally liable for all business debts, i.e. he carries an unlimited liability. This means that if his business fails, not only business assets are to be sold to cover outstanding debt, but also the owner's personal property. Partners jointly own a business and each partner is personally liable for the firm's debt. If any of the partners have limited liability (in a limited partnership) in a worse-case scenario they can lose only the capital they invested in the business.
A limited company is the most common form of business. A United company is a legal entity that is separated from shareholders and directors. The shareholders are not liable for the company's debts beyond the amount remaining unpaid on the shares they hold or guaranteed to a third party. The Structure of the Chemist Shop One can see several departments in chemists shop. They are: prescription department, non-prescription department, ready-made drugs department, drugs store department. A prescription department is the department for reception of prescriptions and delivery of drags. At this department medicines are sold or made according to prescriptions. There one may buy powders and pills, mixtures and ointment, tinctures and decoctina as well as drops, suppositories ets.
At the non-prescription department one can see ready-made drugs, different things for medical care and medical herbs. If the chemists is large it has ready-made drugs department where the ready-made drugs are sold under the prescriptions. The aims of drugs store department are to organise: the provision of chemists with different drugs in time, the reception of the products, the storing of drugs depends on their storage conditions and the provision of all departments of chemists with everything they need. The chemists shop includes an area for the preparation and manufacture of medicines and other drugs.An average chemists has a hall for visitor, assistant room and proper working rooms. It is usually a clean, well-lighted, and well-ventilated area, with clean and sanitary surroundings.
Асистентська кімната, робоче місце фармацевта
All the area is used for the storage, manufacture, compouning, and dispensing of drugs. Also it may have an asseptic block if it has a prescription department.While working with sterile or potentially dangerous pharmaceutical products, pharmacists usually wear gloves and masks and work with other special protective equipment.There must be a room which pharmacists used to produce infusions and decoctions, to wash and dry dishes, to distil water.
Pharmacists' duty Pharmacists dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners and provide information to patients about medications and their use. They advise physicians and other health practitioners on the selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications. Pharmacists also make quality and quantity control of the extemporaneous drugs and organize the condition for drugs storage.
Pharmacists in community or retail pharmacies counsel patients and answer questions about prescription drugs, such as those about possible adverse reactions or interactions. They provide information about over-the-counter drugs and make recommendations after asking a series of health questions, such as whether the customer is taking any other medications. They also give advice about durable medical equipment and home healthcare supplies. Some community pharmacists provide specialized services to help patients manage conditions such as diabetes, asthma, smoking cessation, or high blood pressure.
Pharmacists in hospitals and clinics dispense medications and advise the medical staff on the selection and effects of drugs. They may make sterile solutions and buy medical supplies. They also assess, plan, and monitor drug programs or regimens. They counsel patients on the use of drugs while in the hospital, and on their use at home when the patients are discharged. Pharmacists also may evaluate drug use patterns and outcomes for patients in hospitals or managed care organizations. Pharmacists who work in home healthcare monitor drug therapy and prepare infusions_solutions that are injected into patients—and other medications for use in the home.
Some pharmacists specialize in specific drug therapy areas, such as intravenous nutrition support, oncology (cancer), nuclear pharmacy (used for chemotherapy), and pharmacotherapy (the treatment of mental disorders with drugs). Pharmacists are responsible for the accuracy of every prescription that is filled, but they often rely upon pharmacy technicians and pharmacy aides to assist them. Thus, the pharmacist may delegate prescription-filling and administrative tasks and supervise their completion. Consultant pharmacists may travel to nursing homes or other facilities to monitor patient's drug therapy.
Pharmacy technicians help licensed pharmacists provide medication and other healthcare products to patients. Technicians usually perform routine tasks to help prepare prescribed medication for patients, such as counting tablets and labeling bottles. Technicians refer any questions regarding prescriptions, drug information, or health matters to a pharmacist.
Pharmacy aides help licensed pharmacists with administrative duties in running a pharmacy. Aides often are clerks or cashiers who primarily answer telephones, handle money, stock shelves, and perform other clerical duties. They work closely with pharmacy technicians. Some also clean pharmacy equipment, help with the maintenance of equipment and supplies, and manage the cash register. To become a pharmacy aide, one should be able to perform repetitious work accurately. Because most of pharmacy personel deal constantly with the public, they should be neat in appearance and deal pleasantly and tactfully with customers.
All pharmacists have the obligation to act in the best interest of the patient, observe the law uphold the dignity and honour of the profession. The pharmacist: • establishes and maintains an unique relationship with each patient; • promotes the well-being of every patient; preserve the confidentiality of information about individual patients (e1! instances where there is a compelling need; act with honesty and integrity.
