September 4/5 th 2012

1. September 4/5th 2012 No warm ups this week- I only see you 2 days! September 4/6: 2-4-6 September 5/7: 1-3-5 Today you will get you tests back… 55-61 A 49-54 B 43-48 C 37-42 D 36 and lower F If you have a 54 or under…you may turn in test corrections by Thursday/Friday

2. Goals for Today Students will be able to: Analyze the importance of geography in Ancient Rome’s Formation Understand the social and political structure of Ancient Rome Identify the similarities and differences of the Twelve Tables to other forms of law codes (Hammurabi, USA, etc.) Look at the importance of Pompeii in Ancient Roman history

3. The Rise of Rome Chapter 5 Section 1

4. Roman history is the story of the Romans’ conquest of Italy and the entire Mediterranean world. The Romans were conquerors, but they also governed, using republican forms that have been passed down to us.

5. Creation Myth of Rome Romulus and Remus - Twin sons of Mars (Roman god of War) • Abandoned by their Uncle Amulius in the Tibor River to drown. • Found and raised by a she-wolf • Found and raised by the Shepard Faustulus

6. They kill Amulius • Both built great cities • - Romulus kills Remus for making fun of his city • Romulus populates the city of Rome with slaves and criminals • Romulus became the first king in 753 BC • Mars carries him up to the heavens and he becomes the god Quirinius

8. Mythical Stories of Rome

9. The Land and Peoples of Italy Main Idea: Rome’s Central location and geographic features made it a desirable location from which to expans

10. Geography • Italy is a peninsula • 750 miles from north to south • 120 miles from east to west • Rome is the capital of Italy • Apennine Mountains • Went north and south • divided the east and west Also settled on the island of Sicily

11. A Favorable Location • More land to farm than Greece • Did NOT divided Rome into many small city states • Rome was built on 7 hills • Easily defended • A good central location

12. Mountains and Rivers of Rome • Italy’s mountains did not divide Italians like it did the Greeks • Italy had more land to farm than Greece • The Tiber River helped Rome with farming and transportation

13. Rome • Rome was built on seven hills and was easy to defend • Italy sticks out into the Mediterranean Sea which made it a crossroad between eastern and western Mediterranean countries • Rome was far enough inland to be safe from pirates

15. Rome-A Favorable Location

16. Latin Moved in around 1500 to 1000 B.C. Indo-European people who spoke Latin Settled on Latium Herders and Farmers Greeks Had settled during Greek colonization 750 B.C. to 550 B.C. Were mostly in the south Occupied Sicily They influenced agriculture with the introduction of the grape and olive tree They influenced culture with their architecture, sculpture and literature Adopted their alphabet The Peoples of Italy

17. Etruscans • The Etruscans had the greatest influence on the Romans • They were located North of Rome in Etruria, they expanded into Italy and came into control Rome and most of Latium • They turned the Latin villages into the city of Rome • Romans adopted their dress, the toga and shirt cloak • Also adopted their military organization

18. The Roman Republic Main Idea: The Romans were practical and skillful in politics and military matters

19. Establishment of Roman Republic • Early Rome was under the control of seven kings and several were Etruscans • Establishment of Roman Republic • The Romans overthrew the last Etruscan King in 509 B.C, they established the Roman Republic • Republic: a form of government in which the leader is not a monarch and certain citizens have the right to vote.

20. War and Conquest • Rome was surrounded by enemies and for the next 200 years they fought continuous warfare • 338 Rome crushed the Latin states, and then the Greek states • Defeated the Greeks in 264 B.C. and virtually conquered all of Italy

21. Roman Confederation • Was devised by Italy to rule • Allowed some people- especially Latin's- to have full Roman citizenship • Most of the communities remained allies • Allowed to run their own local affairs ONLY if they provided soldiers to Rome • Made it clear that Roman allies could become citizens

22. Why was Rome Successful? • Ancestors and History: • To Ancient Romans, they believed that their ancestors were successful because a sense of duty, courage and discipline. • Diplomacy: They extended Roman citizenship and allowed states to run their own internal affairs. • They could be firm when necessary, crushing rebellions without mercy. • Military: They were accomplished and persistent soldiers. • Built fortified towns throughout Italy; also built roads that connected the empire.

23. Why was Rome successful? • Brilliant Strategists: Built roads to connect towns that they conquered • By doing this, Rome could move troops quickly throughout the territory • Practical: Not ideal government, but one that responded to problems that arose

24. Political Structure

25. Roman Political Structure • Early Rome was divided into two groups- the patricians and the plebeians

26. I. Patricians • Wealthy land owners, Rome’s ruling class • Minority of the roman Republic • Not a lot of people in this group • Only ones could could be voted into office

27. II. Plebeians • Less wealthy landowners, small farmers, craftspeople, and merchants • They were the workers • Made up the majority of the population • Citizens and could vote

28. Patronage and Politicians

29. CEOs: Consuls • Chief executive officers of the Roman Republic • Highest office • chosen every year two years • ran the government • led the army into battle

30. Praetors/Judges • In charge of civil law that applied to all Roman citizens • Look over judicial affairs • Could judge or appoint a judge

31. Senate • Roman Senate: Select group of about 300 patricians who served for life • Approved laws, controlled finances and made public policy.

32. Assemblies • The Roman Republic also had several assemblies • Centuriate assembly • Most important • Elected the chief officials and passed laws • Organized in classes based on wealth • Wealthy citizens always held the majority

33. Council of Plebs • Council of the Plebs • Came into being as a result of the struggle between the two Roman social orders

34. The Struggle of Orders • Caught in the middle of the struggle between patricians and plebeians were children • They were forbidden to marry each other • Plebeians resented this b/c since they served in the Roman army that protected the republic they thought they deserved political and social equality • Led to the success of the plebeians • In 287 B.C. the council of the plebs received the right to pass laws for all Romans • All male Roman citizens were now supposedly equal under the law

35. Rome’s Social Imbalance

36. Roman Law • Rome’s chief gift to the Mediterranean world was its system of laws • Twelve Tables (450 B.C.) • First code of laws for Rome • Written on 12 tablets • Roman developed a more sophisticated system of laws • Applied to only Roman citizens • Problems arose when non-citizens had to be dealt with

37. Law of Nations • Natural law or universal law based on reason • Established standards of justice that applied to all people

38. Legal Principles of Today • Many legal ideas that we use now originated in Ancient Rome • Innocent until proven guilty • People accused of a crime are allowed to defend themselves before a judge • A judge is expected to weigh evidence before reaching a legal decision.

39. Activity: Twelve Tables • You have the next 20 minutes to work on the Twelve Tables with your assigned group members • Each group will present…however you will not know what question you will answer. • Make sure to answer each question thoroughly and completely.