1 / 60

Ethnicity

Ethnicity. Difference Between Race & Ethnicity. Race. Ethnicity. Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor. French for “generation” Biology Common ancestor Traits passed genetically Example: African American Traces ancestry back to African immigrants.

aggie
Download Presentation

Ethnicity

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Ethnicity

  2. Difference Between Race & Ethnicity Race Ethnicity Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor. French for “generation” Biology Common ancestor Traits passed genetically Example: African American Traces ancestry back to African immigrants Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. Greek for “nation” Culture Traditions from a particular hearth Example: African American Traces culture back to Africa

  3. Difference between Ethnicity & Nationality Ethnicity Nationality Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions. Culture Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there. Location

  4. Nationalism • Loyalty to a location • Nationalism can be an example of a centripetal or centrifugal force • Centripetal forces • Unify • Stabilize • Strengthen • Bind together • Fosters solidarity • Centrifugal forces • Divide • Devolution • Disrupts order • Destabilize • Weaken bonds

  5. Nationalism Positives Negatives Promotes culture Creates pride in nationality & national interests Unites (Centripetal) Example: WWII Roosevelt, Churchill, Allies used nationalism to unite & ignite their countries towards victory Promoting nationalism at the expense of other nation-states Divides (Centrifugal) Example WWII Hitler, Mussolini & Tojo used nationalism to exploit their countries to commit genocide & subjugate other nations

  6. Forces in India Centripetal Centrifugal Religion Hinduism Language Hindi or English Government Representative democracy Transportation Railroads Expressions of national pride General: anthem, flag, sports Specific: Cricket Religion Hinduism vs. Islam Language 14-18 official languages (4 language families) Government 28 states in India Ethnicities Sikhs in Punjab Disputes Kashmir dispute between Pakistan & India

  7. States • Nation-states • Part-nation states • Multinational states • Stateless nations

  8. Nation-States • Ethnicities became nationalities with the rise of nation-states • Concept of nation-states developed in Europe in the 19th c. • Examples • Iceland • Denmark • Poland • Japan

  9. Part-Nation States • A nation dispersed across and predominant in two or more states • Arab Nation

  10. Multinational States • Multiethnic state • Example: U.S. • Many ethnicities contributing to a single nationality • Multinational state • Examples • U.K. : English, Scottish, Welsh & Irish • U.S.S.R : 15 republics = 15 largest ethnicities = 15 countries

  11. Stateless nations • A nationality that doesn’t have a territory of its own • Kurds & Assyrian Christians in Iraq • Palestinians • Roma • Chechnya • Basques

  12. Kurds

  13. Palestinians

  14. Roma

  15. Chechnya

  16. Basque

  17. Ethnic Conflict

  18. Ethnic Conflict Africa • Apartheid in South Africa • Civil War between Eritrea & Ethiopia • Sudan • Ethnic Cleansing in Rwanda & Burundi

  19. Apartheid • South Africa • Created four “racial” classes: black, white, mixed, or Asian • Restricted • Live, work, school, own land • Occupations & wages • Blacks could not vote or run for national office • Homelands • Way to geographically isolate races • Repealed in 1991 • Let’s see what has happened since then...

  20. Civil War between Eritrea & Ethiopia • After WWII, Eritrea was given to Ethiopia • Ethiopian outlawed Eritrean language & local government • 1961 – 1991 • Civil War between Ethiopians & Eritrean rebels • Est. 665,000 refugees fled to Sudan • 1991 • Eritrea defeats Ethiopia, gains independence • National identity acted as a centripetal force for Eritrea’s two major ethnic groups, Tigrinya & Tigre • As time has passed, there have been conflicts

  21. Sudan • North: Arab-Muslim dominated • South: Black Christian & animist • War between the North & South in an attempt to move from a multinational state to a multiethnic state resulted in the creation of a new state, South Sudan • West: Black Muslim in the Darfur region • Fighting began in 2003, est. 400,000 have died, 2 million have become refugees • UN considers the rape & mass murders to be genocide • East: A collection of ethnicities • Fought 2004 – 2006 over oil profits

  22. Ethnic Cleansing in Rwanda • Two major ethnic groups • Hutus – 85% • Tutsis – 14% • During colonial era: • Tutsis held position of power over Hutus • Post-colonial era: • Hutus used majority to come to power; reprisals against Tutsis escalated matters • Ethnic Cleansing (More accurately Genocide) • 1994: Presidents of Burundi & Rwanda killed in plane crash blamed on Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF), a group made up of displaced Tutsis • For several weeks, systematic attacks of Hutus against Tutsis killed as many as 1 million people; between 150,000 – 250,000 women were raped

  23. The 8 Stages of Genocide • Classification ("us" vs. "them") • Symbolization (hate speech) • Dehumanization ("swine," "vermin") • Organization (special units) • Polarization (propaganda) • Preparation (lists, targets) • Extermination (murder) • Denial (complete denial, “accidents,” etc.)

  24. Ethnic Conflict in Europe • Yugoslavia • Bosnia • Kosovo • Balkanization

  25. Yugoslavia 7 – neighbors • Austria, Greece, Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary & Romania 6 – republics • Bosnia & Herzegovina (1), Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia & Slovenia 5 – nationalities • Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, Slovenes 4 – official languages • Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene 3 – major religions • Roman Catholic, Orthodox & Islam 2 – alphabets • Roman & Cyrillic 1 – currency • Dinar

  26. Break-up of Yugoslavia • Ethnic conflict reemerged in Yugoslavia in 1980s • Led to the creation of 6 sovereign nations (not nation-states, as we will see later) • Bosnia & Herzegovina • Croatia • Slovenia • Macedonia (often referred to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia or FYRM) • Serbia • Montenegro

  27. Bosnia & Herzegovina • Ethnicities • 48% Bosnian Muslim • 37% Serb • 14% Croat • Serbs & Croats tried to make areas of the country so homogenous that they could then join with Croatia or Serbia • Ethnic Cleansing • 1996 reached an agreement to divide up country • Serbs = ½ land • Croats = ¼ land • Muslims = ¼ land

  28. Kosovo • Serbia still a multiethnic country • Kosovo = 90% ethnic Albanians • 1998 • Serbia began ethnic cleansing Kosovo of ethnic Albanians • 750,000 of the 2 million ethnic Albanians fled to Albania • U.S. & Western Europe gets involved • Serbia withdraw and Kosovo declared independence • 60 countries recognize its sovereignty • Including U.S. • Excluding Serbia & Russia

  29. Balkanization • Too many ethnicities to divide up into one or more stable states • Example of Balkanization • WWI volatile states of the Balkan Peninsula drag larger states into conflict • With the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia & Kosovo, Balkanization is reemerging as a major concern.

  30. Other Ethnic Conflicts • Lebanon • Indian & Pakistan • Sri Lanka

  31. Lebanon • Religious • 60% Muslim • Shiite majority, Sunni minority • Druze, once separate, now consider themselves Muslim • 39% Christian • Maronite majority, Orthodox minority • Ethnicities • Christians: Phoenicians (once occupied Lebanon) • Muslims: Arabs • 1943: Lebanese independence • Chamber of Deputies • Required each religion be represented • Christian majority = control • Muslim majority now led for calls of equality • Civil War 1975 – 1990 • U.S. & Israeli involvement to restore peace, unsuccessfully. Left under Syrian control until 2005 • 1990: Agreement divided Parliament into equal halves for the two major religions

  32. India & Pakistan • 1947 • British end colonial rule, divide up area in India & Pakistan (East & West; East Pakistan became Bangladesh) • Reason for division: religion & ethnicity • Pakistan: Muslims • India: Hindus • Kashmir • Region in northern Pakistan & India • Pakistan controls western portion (Jammu), India controls eastern portion (Kashmir) • Muslim make up a majority in both regions • Warfare to gain unification with Pakistan or independence • Punjab • Sikhs constitute majority in Punjab state of India • Violence to get more control or complete independence

  33. Sri Lanka • Ethnicities: • Sinhalese = 82% • Buddhism, Indo-European language • Tamil = 14% • Hinduism, Dravidian language • Civil War • 1983 – 2009 • Tamils feel Sinhalese discriminate against them through government, military & economic control • Tamil lost the Civil War, multinational state status may change • Religion: Buddhism, Language: Sinhala

  34. Ethnicities in U.S.

  35. Ethnicities in the U.S. • Ethnic Breakdown • Hispanic/Latino = 16.3% • African America = 13.6% • Asian American = 5.6% • American Indian = 1%

  36. Hispanic/Latin Distribution • Distribution (as of 2010) • Clustered in the Southwest • California = 37.6% • Arizona = 29.6% • Nevada = 26.5% • New Mexico = 46.3% • Texas = 37.6% • 87% of total Hispanic population in four states • California = 33% • Texas = 20% • New York = 17% • Florida = 17% • 2/3 of all Hispanic Americans come from Mexico

  37. Distribution of African-Americans • Distribution (as of 2010) • Clustered in the Southeast • Alabama = 26.8% • Georgia = 31.5% • Louisiana = 32.8% • Maryland = 30.9% • South Carolina = 28.8% • Mississippi = 37.6% • Other areas of high concentration • Washington D.C. = 52.2% • Very few African Americans • Northeast • Maine = 1.6% • New Hampshire = 1.7% • Vermont = 1.5% • Northern border states • Montana = 0.8% • North Dakota = 1.6% • South Dakota = 1.8%

  38. Asian American Distribution • Distribution (as of 2010) • Clustered in the West • Hawaii = 57.4% • California = 14.9% • Washington = 9.0% • Nevada = 9.0% • Other areas of high concentrations • New York = 8.2% • Lower concentrations • South • Mississippi = 1.1% • Alabama = 1.4% • West Virginia 0.9%

  39. American Indian & Alaska Native Distribution • Distribution • California = 13.9% • Oklahoma = 9.2% • Arizona = 6.8% • Texas = 6.0% • New York = 4.2% • Majority in all American Indian & Alaska Native in 10 states • California, Oklahoma, Arizona, Texas & New York • New Mexico • Washington • North Carolina • Florida • Michigan

More Related