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Genetic Engineering. The process of manipulating genes for practical purposes is called genetic engineering. recombinant DNA —DNA made from two or more different organisms. Transgenic organism- contains DNA from a different organism. Genetic Engineering Tools.
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The process of manipulating genes for practical purposes is called genetic engineering. • recombinant DNA—DNA made from two or more different organisms. • Transgenic organism- contains DNA from a different organism
Genetic Engineering Tools • Vector- circular piece of DNA used to introduce a foreign gene into another organism • Restriction enzymes - enzymes that recognize and bind to specific sequences of DNA, and then cut the DNA
Basic Steps of Genetic Engineering 1) Gene of interest is isolated from organism and pasted inside a vector, producing recombinant DNA 2) The vector is inserted into the host cell. 3) Many copies of the gene of interest are made as host cell reproduces. 4) Cells undergo selection and then are screened.
Restriction Enzymes • Restriction enzymes recognize a specific sequence of DNA and make a cut. “Sticky ends”
Chapter 11 Section 1 Genetic Engineering Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA
Electrophoresis (Gel) • DNA has a negative charge so it will move towards a positive charge Smaller pieces will move faster than large pieces
Polymerase Chain Reaction • Makes many copies of a single gene • Uses a polymerase that comes from a bacteria that lives in hot springs.
DNA Fingerprinting • a pattern of dark bands that is made when an individual’s DNA is cut by restriction enzymes and separated by gel electrophoresis • can be performed on a sample of DNA found in blood, semen, bone, or hair. • Other than identical twins, no two individuals have the same DNA sequence so this can be used to identify individuals
Chapter 11 The Human Genome Project • Goal: Sequence human DNA and determine the location of genes • The sequence of an organism’s genome is the identification of all base pairs that compose the DNA of the organism. • The Human Genome Project is a research project that has linked over 20 scientific laboratories in six countries.
Only 1 to 1.5 percent of the human genome is DNA that codes for proteins. about 30,000 to 40,000 genes. • Each human cell contains about six feet of DNA, but less than 1 inch of that is devoted to exons.
