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Digestive Disorders

Digestive Disorders. Appendicitis. The appendix is a fingerlike pouch attached to the large intestine and located in the lower right area of the abdomen.

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Digestive Disorders

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  1. Digestive Disorders

  2. Appendicitis • The appendix is a fingerlike pouch attached to the large intestine and located in the lower right area of the abdomen. • Symptoms of appendicitis may include abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, inability to pass gas, low-grade fever, and abdominal swelling. • A doctor can diagnose most cases of appendicitis by taking a person’s medical history and performing a physical examination. Sometimes laboratory and imaging tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis. • Appendicitis is typically treated by removing the appendix. • Appendicitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate care.

  3. Flatulence • Everyone has gas in the digestive tract. • People often believe normal passage of gas to be excessive. 1-4 pints / 14 times a day • Gas comes from two main sources: swallowed air and normal breakdown of certain foods by harmless bacteria naturally present in the large intestine. • Many foods with carbohydrates can cause gas. Fats and proteins cause little gas. • Foods that may cause gas include • beans • vegetables, such as broccoli, cabbage, brussels sprouts, onions, artichokes, and asparagus • fruits, such as pears, apples, and peaches • whole grains, such as whole wheat and bran • soft drinks and fruit drinks • milk and milk products, such as cheese and ice cream, and packaged foods prepared with lactose, such as bread, cereal, and salad dressing • foods containing sorbitol, such as dietetic foods and sugar-free candies and gums • Symptoms: belching, flatulence, bloating, and abdominal pain. • Reduce the discomfort: changing diet, taking digestive enzymes, and reduce the amount of air swallowed.

  4. Crohn’s Disease • sores called ulcers in intestines • Men and women, 20-30 – runs in families • abdominal pain and diarrhea • Treatment may include: • drugs • minerals and vitamins • surgery • nutritional support • hot spices, alcohol, greasy foods, and sometimes milk products may make diarrhea and abdominal pain worse.

  5. Gall Stones • Gallstones form when bile hardens in the gallbladder. • Gallstones are more common among older adults; women; American Indians; Mexican Americans; people with diabetes; those with a family history of gallstones; people who are overweight, obese, or undergo rapid weight loss; and those taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. • Gallbladder attacks often occur after eating a meal, especially one high in fat. • Symptoms can mimic those of other problems, including a heart attack, so an accurate diagnosis is important. • Gallstones can cause serious problems if they become trapped in the bile ducts. • Laparoscopic surgery to remove the gallbladder is the most common treatment.

  6. Kidney Stones • The main symptom is severe pain that starts suddenly and may go away suddenly, felt in the belly area or side of the back , may move to groin area (groin pain) or testicles (testicle pain) • Other symptoms:Abnormal urine color, Blood in the urine , Chills, Fever ,Nausea ,Vomiting, Kidney stones • A kidney stone is a solid mass made up of tiny crystals. One or more stones can be in the kidney or ureter at the same time. • Treatment: Kidney stones that are small enough usually pass on their own. Drink at least 6 - 8 glasses of water per day to produce a large amount of urine. Some people might need to get fluids through a vein (intravenous). Pain relievers, medicine to decrease stone formation or help break down and remove the material that is causing the stone. When the stone passes, the urine should be strained and the stone saved and tested to determine the type. • Surgery is usually needed if: stone is too large to pass on its own , stone is growing , stone is blocking urine flow and causing an infection or kidney damage • Today, most treatments are much less invasive than in the past. Ultra-sound shock waves. Ureteroscopy may be used for stones in the lower urinary tract. Standard open surgery (nephrolithotomy) may be needed if other methods do not work or are not possible. • If you have a history of stones, drink plenty of fluids (6 - 8 glasses of water per day) to produce enough urine. Depending on the type of stone, you might need to take medications or other measures to prevent the stones from returning. • You may need to change your diet to prevent some types of stones from coming back.

  7. Lactose Intolerant • inability or insufficient ability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and milk products. • Lactose intolerance is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme lactase, which is produced by the cells lining the small intestine. • Most people with lactose intolerance can tolerate some amount of lactose in their diet. • Symptoms can include abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, gas, diarrhea, and nausea. • dietary changes. • calcium and vitamin D alternatives Rhubarb 1 cup 348 mg Sardines, with bone, 3 oz. 325 mg Spinach, 1 cup 291 mg Salmon, canned, with bone, 3 oz. 181 mg Soy milk, unfortified, 1 cup 61 mg Orange, 1 medium 52 mg Broccoli, raw, 1 cup 41 mg Pinto beans, cooked, 1/2 cup 40 mg Lettuce greens, 1 cup 20 mg Tuna, white, canned, 3 oz. 12 mg • calcium and other dietary supplements may be needed. • Milk and milk products are often added to processed foods. Checking the ingredients on food labels is helpful in finding possible sources of lactose in food products.

  8. Ulcer • A peptic ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or esophagus. • Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)—such as aspirin and ibuprofen—is the second most common cause of peptic ulcers. • Neither stress nor spicy food causes peptic ulcers. But like smoking or drinking alcohol, either can make ulcers worse and prevent healing. • If H. pylori caused the ulcers, antibiotics are taken to kill the germ. • If NSAIDs caused the ulcers, a doctor will decide the best treatment. • Medicines that reduce stomach acid and protect the lining of the stomach and duodenum help ulcers heal. • Tips to help prevent ulcers caused by H. pylori infection include • washing your hands after using the bathroom and before eating • eating properly prepared food • drinking water from a clean, safe source • Tips to help prevent ulcers caused by NSAIDs include • stopping NSAIDs, if possible • taking NSAIDs with a meal • using a lower dose of NSAIDs • talking with your doctor about medicines to protect your stomach and duodenum while taking NSAIDs • asking your doctor about switching to a medicine that won’t cause ulcers

  9. Inguinal Hernia • intra-abdominal fat or part of the small intestine, also called the small bowel, bulges through a weak area in the lower abdominal muscles. • An inguinal hernia occurs in the groin—the area between the abdomen and thigh. • can occur any time from infancy to adulthood and is much more common in males than females. • Symptoms of an inguinal hernia usually appear gradually and include a bulge in the groin, discomfort or sharp pain, a feeling of weakness or pressure in the groin, and a burning, gurgling, or aching feeling at the bulge. • A strangulated hernia, in which the blood supply to the incarcerated small intestine is jeopardized, is a serious condition and requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms include extreme tenderness and redness in the area of the bulge, sudden pain that worsens quickly, fever, rapid heart rate, nausea, and vomiting. • An inguinal hernia is diagnosed through a physical examination. • Inguinal hernias may be repaired through surgery. Surgery is performed through one incision or with a laparoscope and several small incisions.

  10. Heartburn – Acid Reflux -GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which food or liquid travels backwards from the stomach to the esophagus • Avoid alcohol and tobacco • Avoid dietary fat, chocolate, caffeine, peppermint, onions, garlic, citrus juices, and tomato products (which may cause lower esophageal pressure) • Avoid lying down after meals • Sleep with the head of the bed elevated • Take medication with plenty of water • Weight reduction • OTC antacids after meals and at bedtime, although they do not last very long

  11. Cirrhosis of the Liver • loss of liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver. • Alcohol and viral hepatitis B and C are common causes of cirrhosis, although there are many other causes. • Cirrhosis can cause weakness, loss of appetite, easy bruising, yellowing of the skin (jaundice), itching, and fatigue. • Treatment of cirrhosis is designed to prevent further damage to the liver, treat complications of cirrhosis, and preventing or detecting liver cancer early. • Transplantation of the liver is becoming an important option for treating patients with advanced cirrhosis.

  12. Constipation • Constipation may be present if you have three or fewer bowel movements in a week or if the stool is hard, dry, painful, or difficult to pass. • Constipation affects almost everyone at one time or another. • In most cases, following these simple steps will help prevent constipation: • Eat a variety of foods, especially vegetables, fruits, and grains. • Drink plenty of liquids. • Exercise regularly. • Visit the restroom when you feel the urge to have a bowel movement. • Fiber pills and powders may help relieve constipation. • Most people with mild constipation do not need laxatives. However, your doctor may recommend a laxative for a limited time if you have constipation that does not improve. LIMITED! • Some medicines can cause constipation.

  13. Diarrhea • Diarrhea is a common problem that usually resolves on its own. • Diarrhea is dangerous if a person becomes dehydrated. • Causes include viral, bacterial, parasitic infections, food intolerance, reactions to medicine, intestinal diseases, and functional bowel disorders. • Treatment involves replacing lost fluid and electrolytes. • medication to stop the diarrhea or treat an infection. • Children may need an oral rehydration solution to replace lost fluid and electrolytes. (Pedialyte) • Reye’s Syndrome – Pepto (salicylic acid) • Call the doctor if the person with diarrhea has severe pain in the abdomen or rectum, a fever of 102 degrees or higher, blood in the stool, signs of dehydration, or diarrhea for more than 3 days.

  14. IBS • IBS means your bowel doesn’t work the right way. • IBS can cause cramping, bloating, gas, diarrhea, and constipation. • IBS doesn’t damage the bowel or lead to other health problems. • The doctor will diagnose IBS based on your symptoms. You may need to have medical tests to rule out other health problems. • Stress doesn’t cause IBS, but it can make your symptoms worse. • Fatty foods, milk products, chocolate, alcohol, and caffeinated and carbonated drinks can trigger symptoms. • Eating foods with fiber and eating small meals throughout the day may reduce symptoms. • Treatment for IBS may include medicine, stress relief, and changes in eating habits.

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