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Video Slide – Introducing the Renaissance. The Renaissance (c. 1350 –c. 1550) In 1500, Europe was in the middle of a cultural revival called the Renaissance (“Rebirth.”) “Rebirth” of what? Rebirth of classical Greek and Roman ideas. How did the Renaissance differ from the Middle Ages?
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The Renaissance (c. 1350 –c. 1550) In 1500, Europe was in the middle of a cultural revival called the Renaissance (“Rebirth.”) “Rebirth” of what? Rebirth of classical Greek and Roman ideas.
How did the Renaissance differ from the Middle Ages? In the Renaissance, people explored the richness of human experience (the here and now, emotions) rather than focusing on religious issues (life after death.) It was a period of great creativity.
Humanism At the heart of the Renaissance was an intellectual movement known as humanism. Humanism is a view of the world with human needs and hopes at the center. Most humanist scholars were Christians who hoped to use the wisdom of the ancients to understand their own times.
Humanist Beliefs Humanists believed that education should stimulate the individual’s creative power and studied the humanities, the subjects taught in ancient Greek and Roman schools. The main areas of study were grammar, rhetoric (public speaking), poetry and history.
Humanist Beliefs Renaissance humanism was a threat to the Church because it emphasized a return to the original sources of Christianity (the Bible & early Christians) The humanists tended to ignore or denounce the proceedings of Church councils.
Someone Call Dan Brown! Circa 500 A.D. is the fall of the Roman Empire. The Renaissance peaks in Europe around 1500 A.D, hence there is a “1000 year gap.” So who preserved ancient Greek and Roman works for a millennium?
Survey Says During the Middle Ages, monks & Church scholars preserved ancient classics through painstaking copying (Latin.) The Muslim empires and the Byzantine Empire respected, studied and preserved Greek classics (Arabic & Greek)
Birth of the Renaissance The Renaissance began in Italy, which had been the center of the Roman Empire. In the north, city-states like Florence, Milan, Venice and Genoa grew into prosperous centers of trade. A wealthy and powerful merchant class contributed to the birth of the Renaissance in Italy. These wealthy merchants, such as the Medici family, were patrons of the arts.
Birth of the Renaissance The new merchant class of the Commercial revolution was more interested in the secular world and less interested in the world of religion. Rome (in central Italy), Naples (in southern Italy) and other city-states contributed to the cultural revival.
Realism Classical art inspired Renaissance painters and sculptors depicted the human figure very realistically. In their effort to achieve realism, Renaissance painters and sculptors gave great attention to anatomy. They also discovered how to create a more convincing illusion of space (perspective.)
A New Worldview Emerges Renaissance art reflected the humanist interest in individual achievement. In the Renaissance, portraiture flourished as artists worked to capture the unique character of individual people. Scenes of everyday life, known as genre, also became popular.
Introducing: The Ninja Turtles In painting, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo dominated the peak period of the Renaissance (1500-1527)
Leonardo da Vinci He was the embodiment of the Renaissance genius. In addition to being one of the greatest painters in history, da Vinci’s inventions were hundreds of years ahead of their time (helicopter, airplane and submarine). Leonardo painted two of the most famous paintings of all time, “The Last Supper” and the “Mona Lisa.”
Raphael Raphael was recognized as one of the most brilliant painters of his age. Among his best work is “The School of Athens,” which was part of a series of frescoes (wall paintings) he painted for Pope Julius II in the Vatican Palace in Rome.
Michelangelo Michelangelo was both a sculptor and a painter. He carved the “Pieta,” a monumental depiction of the Virgin Mary holding the body of her son Jesus. The “Pieta” made Michelangelo famous. Pope Julius II asked him to paint the great ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican.He depicted the Bible story of the Creation, painting hundreds of grand human figures.
Renaissance architecture The Greek and Roman styles (columns, domes, arches) were the most popular. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) Florence Cathedral Dome [S. Maria del Fiore] (1420-34)
Writers and Philosophers (Thinkers) Machiavelli: Author of The Prince. The focus of The Prince was how rulers could gain and maintain power. Be Ruthless: the end justifies the means. It is better to be feared then to be loved.
Writers and Philosophers (Thinkers) Machiavelli: Author of The Prince. "We Italians then owe to the Church of Rome and to her priests for our having become irreligious and bad; but we owe her still a greater debt...that the Church has kept and still keeps our country divided."
Writers and Philosophers (Thinkers) Machiavelli: Author of The Prince. "...It is, then, much safer to be feared than to be loved...for touching human nature, we may say in general that men are untruthful, inconstant, dissemblers, they avoid dangers and are covetous of gain. While you do them good, they are wholly yours...but when (danger) approaches, they revolt."
Writers and Philosophers (Thinkers) Petrarch: Sonnets to Laura. His most famous works were love sonnets to a married woman whom he admired from a distance
Renaissance in Northern Europe The Renaissance began in Italy and moved to Northern Europe (France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany and England.) The Renaissance occurred in northern Europe later because the Black Death delayed economic growth in that region.
Albert Durer, the German Leonardo Durer is often compared to da Vinci since both men had a wide range of interests. He helped bring the genius of the Italian Renaissance to Northern Europe. Many of his finest works were engravings.
Hans Hoblein He specialized in paintings of almost photographic detail. Hoblein enjoyed great success in England, where he painted portraits of King Henry VIII.
Christian Humanism Much of Northern Renaissance writing was devoted to combining humanism with Christian teachings. The Northern Renaissance differed from the Renaissance in Italy in that it placed greater emphasis upon religious piety. Inspired by the Renaissance idealof human dignity, many Christian humanists developed plans for social reform based on Christian values. Two Christian humanists were especially famous: the Dutch priest Erasmus and the Englishman Thomas More.
Christian Humanism Erasmus: Desiderius Erasmus, “Prince of Humanism.” His most famous work was The Praise of Folly, which poked fun at merchants and scholars, as well as priests. Erasmus felt that the Vulgate, which was the standard Latin translation of the New Testament, contained errors. Therefore, he edited and published new translations of the New Testament in Greek and then in Latin.
Christian Humanism Erasmus: "I dissent from those who are unwilling that the sacred Scriptures should be read by the unlearned and translated into the vulgar tongue, as though Christ had taught such subtleties that they can scarcely be understood even by a few theologians..."
Christian Humanism Thomas More: In Utopia, he described an ideal society in which no one is idle, all are educated and justice is used to end crime (rather than to eliminate the criminal.)
Literature Shakespeare: English poet & playwright. Author of Twelfth Night (comedy), Richard III (historical play), and Romeo and Juliet (tragedy). Shakespeare enriched the English language with more than 1,700 new words, including . . . bedroom, lonely, generous, gloomy, hurry and sneak.
