KREBS CYCLE

1. DR. MIRANDA YEOH SELANGOR MATRICULATION COLLEGE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, MALAYSIA KOLEJ MATRIKULASI SELANGOR KEMENTERIAN PENDIDIKAN MALAYSIA KREBS CYCLE

2. KREBS CYCLE To enable students to recall Krebs Cycle, I use two tunes. Tune 1 is variation of ‘Old McDonald had a farm’. The words that were chosen bear similarity to the actual organic acid names, and the number of letters in each word show the number of carbon atoms of the actual compound, and so:

3. KREBS CYCLE • Citrate is remembered as Citrus (6 letters, 6C); • Isocitrate, as Isobel (6 letters, 6C); • Ketoglutarate, as Ketty (5 letters, 5C); • SuccinylCoA, as Sing (4letters, 4C); • Succinate , as Sulk (4letters, 4C); • Fumarate, as Fume (4letters, 4C); • Malate , as Male (4letters, 4C); and, • Oxaloacetate is remembered as Oxen (4letters, 4C).

4. KREBS CYCLE • The sequence of organic acids “Citrate IsocitrateKetoglutarateSuccinylCoASuccinateFumarateMalateOxaloacetate” is remembered as : • “Citrus, Isobel, Ketty Sing, Sulk (n) Fume (on) Male Oxen.” I have used terms and names that are quite familiar to students of the national Malaysian culture.

5. Acetyl CoA 1 OAA CITRATE 2 8 ISOCITRATE MALATE KREBS CYCLE 3 7 FUMARATE KETOGLUTARATE 4 6 SUCCINATE SUCCINYL CoA 5

6. KREBS CYCLE • To remember the steps of production of NADH, FADH2, and ATP, I used tune 2. Tune 2 is a variation of ‘Papa loves mama’: • “Step 1, it forms citrate; Step 2 isomerises it; • Step 3 needs NAD+; Step 4 needs NAD+; and CoA; • Step 5 rids CoA, gets ATP from GTP; Step 6 needs FAD; • Step 7 needs H2O; Step 8 needs NAD+; Goes back to OAA.”

7. Acetyl CoA 1 OAA CITRATE KREBS CYCLE Step 1, it forms citrate;

8. Acetyl CoA 1 OAA CITRATE 2 ISOCITRATE KREBS CYCLE Step 2 isomerizes it;

9. Acetyl CoA 1 OAA CITRATE 2 ISOCITRATE KREBS CYCLE Step 3 needs NAD+; NAD+ 3 NADH KETOGLUTARATE

10. Acetyl CoA 1 OAA CITRATE 2 ISOCITRATE KREBS CYCLE Step 4 needs NAD+; and CoA; NAD+ 3 NADH KETOGLUTARATE NAD+ 4 NADH CoA SUCCINYL CoA

11. Acetyl CoA 1 OAA CITRATE 2 ISOCITRATE KREBS CYCLE Step 5 rids CoA, gets ATP from GTP; NAD+ 3 NADH KETOGLUTARATE NAD+ NADH 4 CoA SUCCINATE SUCCINYL CoA ADP  ATP 5 CoA GTP  GDP

12. Acetyl CoA 1 OAA CITRATE 2 ISOCITRATE KREBS CYCLE Step 6 needs FAD; NAD+ 3 NADH FUMARATE KETOGLUTARATE FADH2 NAD+ 6 NADH 4 FAD CoA SUCCINATE SUCCINYL CoA ADP  ATP 5 CoA GTP  GDP

13. Acetyl CoA 1 OAA CITRATE 2 ISOCITRATE MALATE KREBS CYCLE Step 7 needs H2O; NAD+ 3 H2O 7 NADH FUMARATE KETOGLUTARATE FADH2 NAD+ 6 NADH 4 FAD CoA SUCCINATE SUCCINYL CoA ADP  ATP 5 CoA GTP  GDP

14. Acetyl CoA 1 OAA CITRATE NADH 2 NAD+ 8 ISOCITRATE MALATE KREBS CYCLE Step 8 needs NAD+; Goes back to OAA. NAD+ 3 H2O 7 NADH FUMARATE KETOGLUTARATE FADH2 NAD+ NADH 4 6 FAD CoA SUCCINATE SUCCINYL CoA ADP  ATP 5 CoA GTP  GDP

15. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the Director of KolejMatrikulasi Selangor (Selangor Matriculation College), Vice Director, the Head of Science Department and all lecturers and staff. You have been most helpful and encouraging; and this has facilitated my research efforts in Collaborative Learning, Independent Learning, Motivation in Learning Biology, Multiple Intelligences of Students, Independent Learning, and Innovations in Teaching Biology. The college has provided the necessary equipment for my research. thank you

16. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • All lecturers of Biology Unit, KMS. • All KMS staff: admin office, library and labs. • Most of all, I thank my family, friends, and students who have been my respondents, my photographers, advisors in video editing, my friends and my best critics. You have contributed great insights that have enabled me to continue in lifelong learning and to improve in my teaching and research. • ALL MY RESEARCH IS DUE TO MY AIM OF PROMOTING LIFELONG LEARNING AMONG MY STUDENTS, AND THUS CONTRIBUTE TO THE PEACE AND PROSPERITY OF OUR NATION AND OUR GLOBAL VILLAGE. • thank you

17. Your feedback is welcome … ezra118@gmail.com OR miranda@kms.matrik.edu.my