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In sociological terms, society refers to a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture. On a broader scale, society consists of the people and institutions around us, our shared beliefs, and our cultural ideas. Typically, more-advanced societies also share a political authority.
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Types Of Societies
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What is Society Meaning of Society This term has been derived from a Latin word 'socious' that means association or companionship. Thus society means 'A larger group of individuals, who are associative with each other'. Definition of Society Prof Wright: It is a system of relationships that exists among the individuals of the groups. A.W. Green: It is the largest group in which individual have relationships. Maclver: It is a web of social relationship, which is always changing.
Types • Hunting & Gathering Societies • PastoralSocieties • Horticultural Societies • AgriculturalSocieties • Industrial Societies
Hunting AndGathering Societies Introduction It isthe oldest andthe simplest type of society. Hunting gathering societyrelies heavilyon hunting wild animalsand gathering food for itssurvival.
Hunting & Gathering (Characteristics) 1-Small in Size Thesesocieties consist of verysmall butscattered groups. Theenvironment in whichthey livecannot support alarge number of people. 2-Nomadic In Nature Thesepeople are constantlyon the move because they have to leaveone area as soon asthey have exhausted itsfood resources.
Hunting & Gathering (Characteristics) 3-NotDesireTo Acquire Wealth. . 4-Family And Kinship Are The OnlyDefined Institutions Theonly 2interconnected social institutions which were family and kinship. Family isall and all for them. Kinship was the basisof these groups asthey were related byancestryand marriage.
Hunting & Gathering (Characteristics) Absence Of Political Institution Statusesin these societies areessentially equal and hence the difference between the leaderand followersisnot there.Most decisions are made through group discussion. There is gender based division of labor but there isno gender inequality assuch.
Herding Or Pastoral Societies Introduction Herding societyrefersto any form of societywhose main subsistence comes from tending flocksand herds ofdomesticated animals. Inpractice, subsistence needs are often met bya combination ofherding with hunting and gathering and other formsofagriculture.
Characteristics Relatively Larger In Size In comparison with the hunting and gathering societies, herding, societies,are larger in size and due to their technological “invention” ofthe domesticated animal which can be used for human food. Pastoralism As A Better Productive Strategy Pastoralism has proved to be abetter productive stratergy than hunting and gathering for it provides an assured food supplyand permits the accumulation of surplus resources.
Herding Or Pastoral Societies Beginning Of Inequality Since pastoralism contributesto the accumulation surplus resources, someindividuals who have better accessto surplus, become more powerful than others.
Herding Or Pastoral Societies Herding societyLeadsToSeveral Changes Herding society has led to several social changes among whichthe following maybe noted. The herding societytends to placea higher value on their temporary territories than do the hunting and gathering societies.Disputesovergrazing rightswith other herding societiessometimes result in warfare.
Horticultural Societies Introduction “A horticultural societyisa social system based on horticulture, amode of production in which digging sticksare used to cultivate small gardens”.
Horticultural Societies Characteristics Domestication Of Plants of Horticulturistsspecialize in the domestication plants such aswheat, riceetc. More advanced horticultural societieshave metal tools and weapons and notploughs. The subsistencestrategyof the horticulturistsis “slash and burn” technology.This people clear areas ofland, burn the trees and plantstheyhave cut down,raise cropsfor 2 or 3yearsuntil the soil isexhausted and then repeat the process.
HorticulturalSocieties • HorticulturalistsAre Better Settled Than • Pastoralists.They develop settlements • that have larger populationsand migrate in • searchofbetter conditions • Relatively More Complex Division OfLabor Thissocietyassures better food supply of surplus. Advanced horticultural societies sometimes consisting of asmany as5000people support specialistsproducing and trading with a varietyof products.
Horticultural Societies Emergence Of Political Institutions The surplus production allows somewealthy individuals to becomemore powerful than others. This leads to the emergence of political institutions in the form of chieftainships. Warfare ismore common. Horticultural societies are also the first known societies to support theinstitution of slavery.
Horticultural Societies Creation Of Relatively Elaborate Cultural Artifacts Thesepeople live in comparativelypermanent settlements, theycan create more elaborate cultural artifacts. For example,houses, thrones, large stone sculptures or Some Rare Practices Horticulture societies have somerare practices such as cannibalism, headhunting and human sacrifice. Cannibalism iseating enemies’ skin as an act of ritual revenge. Headhunting istaken as evidence of courage and skill of warrior.
Agricultural Societies Introduction of production An agricultural society focuses on mode productionprimarilyon agricultureand oflargefields. Based on the invention of the plough, the agrarian revolution marked itsbeginning.Useof plough increases theproductivityof the land. CharacteristicsOf Agricultural Societies CultivationOf Land Through Plough Withthe use of the plough increased productivity.
Agricultural Societies Combining Irrigation Techniqueswith the useof Plough increased production and abilityto renew the soil. Sizeofthe agricultural societiesismuchgreater than that ofhorticultural and pastoral communities. Appearanceof cities:The specialistswho engage themselvesin non agricultural activities tend to concentrate in some compact placeswhich ultimately led to the birth of the cities.
Agricultural Societies Emergence Of Elaborate PoliticalInstitutions Agricultural societies lead to the establishment of more elaboratesocial institutions.Court systemof providing justice also emerges. Evolution Of Distinct Social Classes distinct social classes–thosewho ownthe land and thosewho workon the lands of others- make their appearance.
Agricultural Societies Emergence Of A Clearly Defined Economic Institution Trade becomemore elaborate and money isused asamediumofexchange. Religion BecomesA Separate Institution As societies becomemore and more complex, religion requires full-time officials such aspriests. Warfare And Empire Building
Agricultural Societies Enrichment OfCulture Morefood isproduced than required for subsistence, these societies are able tosupport people whosesole purpose isto provide creative ideas tothe culture. Hence,poets, writersand artistsare encouraged to continue their work. Revolutionary Transition InThe Social Structure The number of statusesmultiplies, population size increases, citiesappear, new institutionsemerge, social classesarise, political and economic inequalitybecomesbuilt intothe social structure, and culture becomes much more diversified.
Industrial Societies Introduction Industrial mode ofproduction began in England Industry inliteral meaning isa classification that refers toa group of companies that are related in terms oftheir primarybusinessactivities An industrial society isa system in which large number of laborand machinery isinvolved in productionof goods and services.
IndustrialSocieties CharacteristicsOf Industrial Societies Industrial SocietyIsAssociated With Industrial Revolution And Industrialization. Industrial revolution transformed muchof the Europe and United States byreplacing essentially agriculturalbased societies withindustrial societies based on the use ofmachines and non- animal resourcesto be harnessed. Industrialism is based on the application of scientific knowledge to the technology of production,enabling new energy sourcesto be harnessed.
Industrial Societies Technology Initiating VastAnd Rapid SocialChanges Newtechnologies suchassteam engine, atomic energy tend to bring about social changes asthe economicand other institutions constantlyadjust toaltered conditions. Larger Societies With Huge Populations The high level of productivity of industrial societies further stimulatespopulation growth with increasing members of living in cities.
Industrial Societies Large Scale Division OfLabor Industrial society createsthousands of new specialized jobs. Inthissociety statusesof politicians, teachers, doctorsetc could be achieved. Losing Importance Of Family And Kinship
Industrial Societies Religion Losing ItsHold Over The People Religion no longer play an important role in controlling the behavior ofpeople. The world no longer remainsasgod-centered world forit is looked upon asthe man-centered world. Increasing ImportanceOfScience And Education Science islooked upon asapromising and an effective meansofsocio-economicprogress. Similarly,education hasevolved intoan independentand distinct institution.
Industrial Societies Increasing ImportantRole OfThe State State isincreasingly involved in the economic, educational, militaryand other activities. State as the central power has increased important role in the industrial society. Widening Gap Between The Rich And The Poor According to Karl Marx, therich classwhich is knownasthe exploiting class, and poor classas exploited class.
Industrial Societies Spread Of Heterogeneous Culture New lifestyles and values create amuch more heterogeneous culture which spreads itsinfluence far and wide.
