Neuron Structure and Types

1. Neuron Structure and Types

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3. Neurons • Basic units of the nervous system • Receive, integrate, and transmit information • Operate through electrical impulses • Communicate with other neurons through chemical signals • More about neurons and neuronal anatomy later

4. Basic Structure

5. The Nervous System The Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Brain Spinal Cord Motor Neurons Sensory Neurons • Somatic Nervous System • voluntary movements via skeletal muscles • Autonomic Nervous System • organs, smooth muscles Sympathetic - “Fight-or-Flight” responses Parasympathetic - maintenance

6. Types

7. Sensory Neuron Sensory neurons are typically classified as the neurons responsible for converting various external stimuli that comes from the environment into corresponding internal stimuli. They are activated by sensory input (vision, touch, hearing, etc.), and send projections into the central nervous system that convey sensory information to the brain or spinal cord. Unlike neurons of the central nervous system, whose inputs come from other neurons, sensory neurons are activated by physical modalities such as light, sound, and temperature.

8. Relay Neuron An relay neuron is a neuron that forms a connection between Sensory Neuron and Motor Neuron in the Central Nervous System.

9. Motor Neuron In Neurology, the term motor neuron applies to neurons located in the Central Nervous System that project their axons outside the CNS and directly or indirectly control muscles. Motor neurones are neurones that carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement.

10. Structure

11. Cell Body The part of a neuron containing the nucleus but not incorporating the axon and dendrites.

12. Axon An axon also known as a nerve fiber; is a long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands.

13. Dendrite Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body of the neuron from which the dendrites project.

14. Neurilemma Neurilemmais the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system.

15. Myelin Sheath • Fatty material made by glial cells • Insulates the axon • Allows for rapid movement of electrical impulses along axon • Nodes of Ranvier: gaps in myelin sheath where action potentials are transmitted • Multiple sclerosis is a breakdown of myelin sheath • Speed of neural impulse Ranges from 2 – 200+ mph

16. Synapse A junction where the axon or some other portion of one cell (= presynaptic cell) terminates on the dendrites, soma, or axon of another neuron (post synaptic cell). The term was introduced in nineteenth century by the British neurophysiologist Charles Sherrington

17. The Withdrawal Reflex

18. The End