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The Crusaders

The Crusaders. HIST 1007 10/28/13. The Crusader States. A Divided East. Seljuq Empire Sultans of Hamadan (western Persia) Sultans of Kerman (southern Persia) Sultans of Aleppo (northern Syria) Sultans/Emirs of Damascus (southern Syria) Sultans of Rum (Anatolia) Fatimid Empire

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The Crusaders

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  1. The Crusaders HIST 1007 10/28/13

  2. The Crusader States

  3. A Divided East • SeljuqEmpire • Sultans of Hamadan (western Persia) • Sultans of Kerman (southern Persia) • Sultans of Aleppo (northern Syria) • Sultans/Emirs of Damascus (southern Syria) • Sultans of Rum (Anatolia) • Fatimid Empire • Assassins

  4. A Divided East • Crusaders • Western Christians in the Levant to fulfill a crusading vow • Franks (Franj) • Western Christians living in the Crusader States • Byzantines • Eastern Christians • Armenians • Melkites • Jacobites • Maronites • Nestorians

  5. The Second Crusade (1145-1149) • Imad al-Din Zengi (d. 1146): Seljuqatabeg of Aleppo and Mosul • 1143: Zengi takes Edessa • 1145: Pope Eugene III calls for new Crusade • Kings Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Holy Roman Empire respond

  6. Counter Crusade • Nur al-Din (r. 1146-1174): son of Zengi, inherits rule of Aleppo • What does it mean to be a good Muslim ruler? • Hires religious scholars to write texts on jihad and the benefits of Jerusalem • The righteous ruler is the one who fights the crusaders • Jerusalem is prioritized Minbar of al-Aqsa Mosque

  7. Nur al-Din • Spends most of his career fighting fellow Muslims • 1154: conquers Damascus • 1163-1169: conquest of Fatimid Egypt • Shirkuh (d. 1169) • Kurdish general • leads conquest of Egypt • uncle of Salah al-Din • 1171: disbands Fatimid Caliphate Nur al-Din Madrassa, Damascus

  8. Salah al-Din (r. 1174-1193) • Known as the insolent in Nur al-Din’s court • 1169: de facto ruler of Egypt • 1174: Seizes control of Nur al-Din’s domains after his death • 1187: Battle of Hattin • Plays the aggressiveness of the crusaders to Muslim advantage • Majority of crusader forces ambushed • Reynald of Chatillon and Guy of Lusingnan • Capture of Jerusalem

  9. Third Crusade (1187-1192) • Response to fall of Jerusalem • God’s punishment • Richard the Lionheart (England) • Phillip II (France) • Frederick Barbarossa (Holy Roman Empire)

  10. Richard and Salah al-Din • Models of chivalry • Salah al-Din as the Virtuous Pagan • Negotiated peace • Salah al-Din retains Jerusalem • Christians allowed to make pilgrimage • Crusaders hold onto Levantine coast Richard and Salah al-Din in 14th century manuscript

  11. End of the Third Crusade

  12. Ayyubid Dynasty (r. 1171-1341) • Preserve Salah al-Din’s Sultanate • Egypt as new economic center • Egypt as new focus of crusade • 1197, 1217, 1229, and 1249 • Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) • Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II • Ayyubid Sultan al-Kamil • Jerusalem given to Frederick by way of treaty Frederick II and al-Kamil from 14th century manuscript

  13. Memories of the Crusade • Crusades are formative to European history • Muslims didn’t much care… • Why not? • Why do they seem to care so much today? Monument to Salah al-Din, Damascus

  14. Crusades and Modern Middle East • European interest in the crusades • Sir Walter Scott, The Talisman, 1825 • Meets 19th century colonialism • 1898: German Emperor Wilhelm II repairs tomb of Salah al-Din • Salah al-Din and anti-colonialism • Salah al-Din and Arab Nationalism Egyptian coat of arms and tomb of Salah al-Din

  15. Crusades aren’t a big deal compared to… • The Mamluk Sultanate • r. 1250-1517 • Ayyubidghulams turned sultans • The Mongols • Steppe nomads organized under Chingis (Genghis) Khan • Ilkhanate (r. 1256-1335) • Timurids (r. 1370-1507) Mamluk Sultan Baybars and IlkhanHulagu Khan

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