Psychological Disorders

1. Psychological Disorders

2. Dissociative, Schizophrenic and Personality Disorders Module 32

3. Module Overview • Dissociative Disorders • Schizophrenic Disorders • Personality Disorders Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. Dissociative Disorders Module 32: Dissociative, Schizophrenic and Personality Disorders

5. Dissociative Disorders • Disorders in which the sense of self has become separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, or feelings. • Extremely rare and usually the result of overwhelming stress

6. Types of Dissociative Disorders • Three main types: • Dissociative Amnesia • Dissociative Fugue • Dissociative Identity Disorder

7. Dissociative Disorders

8. Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia Module 32: Dissociative, Schizophrenic and Personality Disorders

9. Dissociative Amnesia • A dissociative disorder characterized by loss of memory in reaction to a traumatic event. • Serious personal threats are the most common cause • Combat, natural disasters, fires, etc.

10. Dissociative Disorders:Dissociative Fugue Module 32: Dissociative, Schizophrenic and Personality Disorders

11. Dissociative Fugue • A dissociative disorder characterized by loss of identity and travel to a new location. • The person may develop a new identity and begin a new life. • Can last a few hours, days, months or even years

12. Dissociative Disorders:Dissociative Identity Disorder Module 32: Dissociative, Schizophrenic and Personality Disorders

13. Dissociative Identity Disorder • A rare and controversial dissociative disorder in which an individual experiences two or more distinct and alternating personalities. • Formerly called multiple personalities • Rare and controversial

14. Dissociative Identity Disorder • Personalities can be different ages, sex, and self perception of characteristics • Three Faces of Eve • Sybil

15. Schizophrenic Disorders Module 32: Dissociative, Schizophrenic and Personality Disorders

16. Schizophrenia • A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors. • Is not one disorder but a family of disorders • Is not “split personality” • Occurs in about 1% of the population

17. Schizophrenic Disorders:Symptoms of Schizophrenia Module 32: Dissociative, Schizophrenic and Personality Disorders

18. Symptoms of Schizophrenia • Symptoms of schizophrenia include: • Delusions (false beliefs) • Hallucinations (false perceptions) • Inappropriate emotions or behaviors

19. Symptoms of Schizophrenia

20. Delusions • False beliefs that are symptoms of schizophrenia and other serious psychological disorders. • Four major types of delusions: • Grandeur • Persecution • Sin or guilt • Influence

21. Delusions of Grandeur • False beliefs that a person is more important than they really are • Patients may believe they are a famous person (e.g. Napoleon)

22. Delusions of Persecution • False beliefs that people are out to get the person • Believe they are being followed, the phone is wiretapped, etc.

23. Delusions of Sin or Guilt • False beliefs that the person is responsible for some misfortune

24. Delusions of Influence • False beliefs of being controlled by outside forces

25. Hallucinations • False perceptions that are symptoms of schizophrenia or other serious psychological disorders. • Types of hallucinations: • Auditory (hearing voices) • Visual (seeing things) • Tactile (feeling skin sensations) • Can also have distorted smell and taste

26. Inappropriate Emotions/Behaviors • Flat affect – showing little or no emotional response • Word salad – nonsense talk • Waxy flexibility – the person’s arms and legs will remain in place after being moved there

27. Schizophrenic Disorders:Types of Schizophrenia Module 32: Dissociative, Schizophrenic and Personality Disorders

28. Types of Schizophrenia

29. Paranoid Schizophrenia • Characterized by delusions, especially grandeur and persecution. Auditory and other hallucinations support the delusions. • A Beautiful Mind

30. Catatonic Schizophrenia • Characterized by variations in voluntary movement • Catatonic excitement – rapid movements with delusions and hallucinations • Catatonic stupor – little or no activity, movement, or speech (waxy flexibility)

31. Disorganized Schizophrenia • Characterized by bizarre behavior, delusions, and hallucinations. • Very disturbed thought and language (word salad)

32. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia • Symptoms that don’t clearly fit into one of the other types of schizophrenia but still show clear symptoms of schizophrenia

33. Schizophrenic Disorders:Causes of Schizophrenia Module 32: Dissociative, Schizophrenic and Personality Disorders

34. Biological Factors - Genetics • Schizophrenia tends to run in families. • Genetics appears to produce a predisposition (increased likelihood) to develop schizophrenia. • Genain Quadruplets

35. All four girls share exactly the same genes, and lived in the same family environment. Unfortunately for them but fortunately for science, they share exactly the same genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. In exchange for free treatment, the quadruplets were and still are monitored; they are now about 50 years old. Interestingly, the expression of schizophrenia was very different between the quadruplets: Myra after an initial episode was never hospitalized and is married, Nora was hospitalized repeatedly but had marginal adjustment while outside the hospital, Iris experienced more-chronic hospitalization and her symptoms range from severe catatonic withdrawal to times of marginal adjustment when she was able to leave hospital, and Hester further deteriorated and remains hospitalized!

36. Genetics and Schizophrenia

37. Biological Factors – Brain Structure • Brain structure of those with schizophrenia is different than the normal brain • Those with schizophrenia have smaller amounts of brain tissue and larger fluid filled spaces. • The thalamus is smaller in those with schizophrenia.

38. Biological Factors – Brain Structure

39. Biological Factors – Brain Function • The brain of those with schizophrenia operates differently than the normal brain. • The frontal lobes show less activity. • Those with schizophrenia have a larger number of receptor sites for the neurotransmitter dopamine.

40. Biological Factors – Prenatal Viruses • A viral infection during the middle of pregnancy may increase schizophrenia risk.

41. Psychological Factors • Two main areas: • Stress • Disturbed family • It’s unclear whether these are causes or consequences of schizophrenia.

42. Personality Disorders Module 32: Dissociative, Schizophrenic and Personality Disorders

43. Personality Disorders • Psychological disorders characterized by rigid and lasting behavior patterns that disrupt social functioning. • Divided into three clusters: • Related to anxiety • With odd and eccentric behaviors • With dramatic or impulsive behaviors

44. Personality Disorders

45. Personality Disorders:Personality Disorders Related to Anxiety Module 32: Dissociative, Schizophrenic and Personality Disorders

46. Avoidant Personality Disorder • So sensitive about being rejected that personal relationships become difficult

47. Dependent Personality Disorder • Behave in clingy, submissive ways and displays a strong need to have others take care of them

48. Personality Disorders:Personality Disorders With Odd and Eccentric Behaviors Module 32: Dissociative, Schizophrenic and Personality Disorders

49. Paranoid Personality Disorder • Shows deep distrust of other people, which gets in the way of personal relationships • Different than paranoid schizophrenia

50. Schizoid Personality Disorder • Is detached from social relationships • Are true hermits, preferring life alone and avoiding intimate interactions at all costs