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Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Protista. Classified into 3 main groups Algae-like (”Plant-like”)… are Photosynthetic autotrophs Protozoa (“Animal-like”)…Motile Fungus-like… Decomposers….form spores and filaments. General Characteristics. Unicellular Eukaryotic. Algaelike “Plant-like”.

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Kingdom Protista

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  1. Kingdom Protista Classified into 3 main groups Algae-like (”Plant-like”)… are Photosynthetic autotrophs Protozoa (“Animal-like”)…Motile Fungus-like… Decomposers….form spores and filaments

  2. General Characteristics • Unicellular • Eukaryotic

  3. Algaelike“Plant-like” • - All members are photosynthetic • All members contain chlorophyll a • many contain accessory pigments • classified by colors, method of sugar storage, number of flagella and chemical composition of their cell wall. • Some are Freshwater, some are Saltwater

  4. Phylum Euglenophyta 1 – 3 flagella No cell wall – protein pellicle instead Heterotrophic is required Some have eyespot for phototaxism

  5. Phylum DinoflagellataDinoflagellates 2 flagella – 1 posterior, 1 transverse Some are bioluminescent Others produce toxins… Red Tide!

  6. Red Tide

  7. Phylum Chrysophyta: Diatoms Diatoms… cell walls are composed of SiO2

  8. Diatom Strew

  9. Diatoms

  10. Phylum Rhodophyta: Brown Algae… Fucus…kelp

  11. Air Bladders: Used to take blades to the surface for PSN

  12. Phylum Rhodophyta:Red Algae…Coralline Characterized by its phycobilins (red accessory pigments)

  13. Chlorophyta - Ancient lineage to modern plants - Contain chlorophylls a and b - Have cellulose cell walls • Store sugars as starch • can be solitary, filamentous, colonial or bilayered

  14. Phylum Chlorophyta: Green Algae …unicellular… Chlamydomonas

  15. Phylum Chlorophyta: …filamentous… Spirogyra..Spiral-shaped chloroplasts.

  16. Phylum Chlorophyta: …filamentous… Zygnema..2 Star-shaped chloroplasts per cells

  17. Phylum Chlorophyta: … VolvoxMother colony with Daughter colonies. Mother Colony Daughter Colony

  18. Phylum Chlorophyta: Bi-layered… Ulva (sea lettuce)

  19. Animal-like Protists

  20. Phylum SarcodinaThe Amoeba in 3D

  21. Amoebae surround and engulf their food… the process is called phagocytosis.

  22. An Amoeba eating a paramecium.

  23. Foraminifera • Tests of CaCO3 • Found as deposits of ancient sea floor

  24. Phylum SporozoaPlasmodium vivax…. Causes Malaria Plasmodium vivax Vector: Anopheles Mosquito

  25. Phylum Ciliata: The Ciliates • Use cilia for locomotion • Have mouths (cytopharynx) • Have an anus (anal pore) • Have Contractile vacuoles • Have two types of nuclei • One macronuleus--- normal nucleus • At least one micronucleus – DNA… for sexual reproduction (multimicronucleatum has 8!)

  26. The Parameciumuse cilia for locomotion

  27. 3D view

  28. Sexual Reproduction: Conjugation At this level of organization “sexual” reproduction simply involves the exchange of DNA…resulting (of course) with an increased diversity.

  29. Cysts(thick-walled structures which encase and protect dormant organisms) Forming cyst Cyst

  30. Fungus-like • “Fungus” like because they form either filaments (hyphae) or spores

  31. Phylum MyxomycotaCellular Slime mold Cellular Slug Fruiting Body Aggregation to a slug is triggered by cyclic AMP

  32. Cellular Slime Mold Exhibit fungus-like characteristics (they’re decomposers) and protozoa-like characteristics (they’re motile) Life cycle: unicellular Slug

  33. Plasmodial Slime Mold • Large single, spreading mass • Decomposers • Reproduces by spores Plasmodial Sporangia (spore-producing structures Plasmodial Slime mold

  34. Kingdom Fungi The Study of Fungi is called Mycology What is probably the largest living organism on earth has been discovered in the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon. A fungus living three feet underground is estimated to cover 2,200 acres. After testing samples from various locations, scientists say it is all one organism. Officially known as Armillaria ostoyae, or the honey mushroom, the fungus is 3.5 miles across and takes up 1,665 football fields. The small mushrooms visible above ground are only the tip of the iceberg. Experts estimate that the giant mushroom is at least 2,400 years old, but could be 7,200 years old.

  35. Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi Be Multicellular, except for Yeasts which are single-celluluar Have Eukaryotic cells Be Heterotrophs Must have cell walls made of Chitin (sugar) Most fungi are sedentary..(they don’t move around, they live their lives anchored somewhere) In order to belong to the Kingdom Fungi, organisms must:

  36. Cell Walls The cell walls of Fungi are made of Chitin (Chitin is a sugar… the same substance which makes up the exoskeleton of insects) Some fungi have cross walls, or septa, which divide the filaments into compartments having a single nucleus. septum

  37. Some cells lack septa and are multi-nucleated, or coenocytic (have many nuclei)

  38. Digestion takes place outside the body (extra-cellular) Fungi are Absorptive Feeders …they simply ingest (absorb) digested foods thru their cell walls

  39. Facts Fungi live and grow in their food only seen when the fruiting bodies emerge…. By then it’s too late!

  40. Facts Cell Walls are either partial or absent………. The cytosol is circulated through simple cyclosis.

  41. Ecological Role The major role of Fungi is as Decomposers (they are the great recyclers)…. They are Saprophytes

  42. Fairy Ring

  43. Fairy Ring

  44. The Primary Structures of a Fungi Spores Hypha Mycelium Fruiting Body (haploid reproductive cell) (a single filament) (a mass of hyphae) (reproductive and dispersion)

  45. Spores: Haploid Reproductive Cells

  46. Spore with Developing Hypha**(some fungi have haustoria, hyphae that can penetrate their host) Spore Hypha

  47. The Hypha begins to branch as it digests its way through the food.

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