What do you know about the brain?!

1. What do you know about the brain?!

2. Volunteer • Can I feel your head?

3. *1800 - Franz Gall *Bumps on skull represent mental abilities. *Incorrect but proposed the idea that mental abilities are divided into sections History of Mind Phrenology Bettman/ Corbis

4. Central Nervous System The Brain and Neural Networks Interconnected neurons form networks in the brain. Theses networks are complex and modify with growth and experience. Complex Neural Network

5. Brain Ban • http://www.cnn.com/video/data/2.0/video/health/2014/09/26/university-of-miami-brain-endowment-bank-orig.cnn.html

6. Clinical Observation • Observing the effects of specific brain diseases and injuries • 1,500 cases are registered Tom Landers/ Boston Globe

7. The Brain Techniques to Study the Brain • Lesion- experimentally destroys brain tissue to study animal behaviors Hubel (1990)

8. Electroencephalogram (EEG) • An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping • Measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. AJ Photo/ Photo Researchers, Inc.

9. CT scan • Computed Tomography Scan • A series of x-rays taken from different angles • Combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain

10. PET Scan • PET (positron emission tomography) Scan • Displays brain activity that detects • A radioactive form of glucose • The brain “lights up” performing a given task. Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories

11. MRI Scan • MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) • Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed pictures of the brain’s soft tissues • fMRI - functional MRI – compares MRI scans taken seconds apart Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH James Salzano/ Salzano Photo Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations

12. Older Brain Structures • What does older mean? • The Brainstemisthe oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells and enters the skull. • It is responsible for automatic survival functions.

13. Brain Stem • The Medulla - is the base of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing. • Reticular Formationisa nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.

14. Brain Stem • The Thalamus is the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem. • It directs messages to the sensory areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.

15. Cerebellum • The “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem. • It helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

16. The Limbic System • The Limbic Systemisa doughnut-shaped system of neural structures • Associated with emotions such as fear, aggression and drives for food and sex. • It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

17. Amygdala • The Amygdala consists of two almond-shaped neural clusters • Linked to the emotions of fear and anger.

18. Hypothalamus • The Hypothalamus lies below (hypo) the thalamus. • It directs several maintenance activities like eating, drinking, body temperature, and control of emotions. • It helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

19. Reward Center • Rats cross an electrified grid for self-stimulation when electrodes are placed in the reward center • When the limbic system is manipulated, a rat will navigate fields or climb up a tree (bottom picture). Sanjiv Talwar, SUNY Downstate

20. Video • How will you show each brain part? • Medulla • Amygdala • Reticular Formation • Thalamus • Cerebellum • Hippocampus • Hypothalamus

21. Warmup • What do each one of these affect? • 1. Medulla • 2. Reticular Formation • 3. Thalamus • 4. Cerebellum • 5. Amygdala • 6. Hippocampus • 7. Hypothalamus

23. The Cerebral Cortex • The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres. • It is the body’s ultimate control and information processing center. • 20-23 billion nerve cells (glial cells – nourish neurons)

24. Hemispheres

25. Four Lobes

26. Motor and Sensory Cortex • Motor Cortex - controls voluntary movements. • Sensory Cortex (parietal cortex) receives information from skin surface and sense organs.

27. Temporal Lobe • Auditory Cortex: • Receives input from ears • fMRI shows the auditory cortex is active in patients who hallucinate.

28. Occipital Lobe • Visual Cortex: • Receives input from eyes • The fMRI scan shows the visual cortex is active as the subject looks at faces. Courtesy of V.P. Clark, K. Keill, J. Ma. Maisog, S. Courtney, L.G. Ungerleider, and J.V. Haxby, National Institute of Mental Health

29. Association Areas • Involved in higher mental functions • Thinking, learning, speaking • More intelligent animals have increased “uncommitted” or association areas of the cortex.

30. Frontal Lobe • Judgment, Planning, New memories • Damage can alter personality • Phineas Gage- 1848 • Rod was shot through his left cheek • Mental abilities and memories left intact • Personality was changed

31. Phineas Gage • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPAqTP7058Q

32. Phineas Gage song • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGl5SUB8IXM

33. Warmup • How is your brain working when you are driving a car?

34. Specialization & Integration Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

36. Language • Aphasiais an impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage • Broca’s area – controls language expression • Wernicke’s area – controls language reception

37. Have you heard of being “left-brained” or “right-brained”? • Is there a problem with that? • There are localized areas of brain specialization, but our brain acts as a unified whole. • However – there is some truth to this.

38. Our Divided Brain:2 Hemispheres • Left hemisphere: • Reading, writing, speaking, mathematics, comprehension • Right hemisphere : • Perceptual tasks • Visual-spatial • Emotion Processing

40. What side of the brain do you use?

41. Splitting the Brain • Corpus Collosum– connects the 2 hemispheres • Split Brain - cutting the corpus collosum • To treat severe epilepsy Corpus Callosum Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of Iowa Martin M. Rother

42. Split Brain Patients This can not be named This can be named • What is shown in our left visual field enters our right hemisphere • Right visual field = left hemisphere • What side is language in? • So what happens when our corpus collosum is cut?

43. Split Brain • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCv4K5aStdU

44. Divided Consciousness

45. On a piece of paper, at the same time draw:- an apple with your LEFT hand-a tree with your RIGHT hand

46. Try This! Try drawing one shape with your left hand and one with your right hand, simultaneously. BBC

47. Review • Name something in each of the following lobes: • 1. Frontal • 2. Parietal • 3. Occipital • 4. Temporal

48. 1. Damage to the hippocampus would result in: • A. difficulties with balance and coordination • B. memory problems • C. the false sensation of burning in parts of the body • D. emotional outbursts • E. death

49. 2. Which of the following would have the largest amount of brain area on the motor cortex? • A. Fingers • B. Hip • C. Toes • D. Arm • E. Knee

50. 3. Where is the visual cortex located? • A. Frontal Lobe • B. Parietal Lobe • C. Occipital Lobe • D. Temporal Lobe