Citing Your Sources

1. Citing Your Sources Using Parenthetical Citations

2. When Should I Cite My Sources? • Anything that did not originate from your brain must be cited. • Any time you use a number or statistic. • Any time you use a photo or a graphic. • Any time you use a direct quote. • Any time you summarize or paraphrase anything that is not common knowledge. • If you can find it from multiple sources…it is common knowledge.

3. Tips When Using Parenthetical Citations

4. Use only the first word of your citation (from the Works Cited entry) and page number (if you have one) in parenthesis. Ex. “Diamonds are a girl’s best friend” (Monroe). • Follow the format of your Works Cited Entry…italicize if needed, or use quotations if needed. • The period goes AFTER the citation. • If a quotation mark is needed, it goes BEFORE the citation.

5. Sample Parenthetical Citation with Sample from the Works Cited “Well into the 1980s and beyond, Miller's work had been viewed with considerable skepticism, both by critics and by the public at large. Today, by contrast, it is generally taken for granted--especially in England--that he was a great writer” (Teachout). Teachout, Terry. "Concurring with Arthur Miller." Commentary (Vol. 127, No. 6). June 2009: 71-73. SIRS Renaissance. Web. 01 Nov 2011.

6. Use one of two ways to quote factual information: ♦ Direct quote from the author---words pulled exactly from another source (author’s last name). Ex. “Diamonds are a girl’s best friend” (Monroe). ♦ Paraphrase---take the author’s words and rearrange them. Ex. A girl often thinks of diamonds as her best friends (Monroe).

7. For electronic sources (i.e. web pages), follow these guidelines: Include the first item that appears in the Works Cited entry correlated to that parenthetical citation (Ex. author’s last name, article name, website name, book title). ♦ Direct quote from the author---words pulled exactly from another source (author’s last name). Ex. “The ‘important theme’ that Miller was writing about was clear to many observers in 1953 at the play's opening.  It was written in response to Senator McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee's crusade against supposed communist sympathizers” (Linder). ♦ Direct quote where the author is mentioned in text. Ex. Linder states, “The ‘important theme’ that Miller was writing about was clear to many observers in 1953 at the play's opening.  It was written in response to Senator McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee's crusade against supposed communist sympathizers” (“The Crucible”).

8. You can start and end a quote anywhere. You do not need an ellipse (…) unless you are taking words out of the middle of the quotation. • If you take partial quotations from two authors, list both author’s names in order of the quotes, separated by a semicolon. Ex. The reason “diamonds are a girl’s best friend” is “because they are so shiny” (Monroe; Lee).

9. If the work is listed by title in your Works Cited entry use the title in shortened or in full. Ex. (“The Salem Witch Trials”). • If you have more than one source by the same name, you need to include the next relevant piece of information from the Works Cited citation. Ex. (“The Salem Witch Trials,” School Library Journal 210).

10. If you use the author’s name in the quote, you only need to give the page number in the citation (if you have one….if not you may use the next piece of information from the citation in your Works Cited. Ex. According to Monroe, diamonds can be a best friend (“The Crucible and Miller”). Ex. Linder states, “The ‘important theme’ that Miller was writing about was clear to many observers in 1953 at the play's opening.  It was written in response to Senator McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee's crusade against supposed communist sympathizers” (“The Crucible”).

11. Let’s Practice!!!

12. What is wrong with the following? Write the correct parenthetical citation. • Monroe said without satisfaction, “Nothing could be less desirable than a cubic zirconia.” (Monroe 84)

13. “Arguing about whether diamonds or cubic zirconias are better is like arguing about which is better, the moon or the sun," (Monroe).

14. “Arguing about whether diamonds or cubic zirconias are better is like arguing about which is better, the moon or the sun" (Salem Witch Trials).