A Review of Published Studies Looking At Statistical Models And Methods And Their Application To Problems Of Infectious

1. A Review Of Published Studies Looking At Statistical Models And Methods And Their Application To Problems Of Infectious Diseases Such As COVID-19 In BMJ Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, Tutorsindia info@ tutorsindia.com Keywords: or age category. The correlation technique will be useful to identify the relationship statistical meta-analysis service, between these two variables. And suppose regression analysis, factor analysis, the researcher wants to predict the Confirmatory Factor Analysis, clinical effectiveness of future outcomes. In that trial analysis, data mining services, case, the regression analysis will be useful biostatistics services, Time series analysis as it identifies the average linear using R. relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Apart from the usual correlation and regression analysis, I. INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH many researchers adopt dimensionality SCIENCE: reduction techniques such as factor Health science research is the most analysis. interesting research area as we identify the III. FACTOR ANALYSIS pattern of Genomic diseases and various other kinds of diseases. Factor analysis reduces the dimensions and creates the latent variables. Each latent II. STATISTICAL MODELS IN HUMAN variable acts as another variable in the HEALTH SCIENCE: study. With those latent variables, one can The most common statistical approach for construct linear regression analysis and any human health studies is correlation and predict future outcomes or simply identify regression analysis. Suppose, consider a the variables' linear relationship.For vaccine effectiveness study, and the example, Goni et al. (2020) considered a researcher wants to identify the Confirmatory factor analysis to study effectiveness of vaccine among the gender Copyright © 2021 TutorsIndia. All rights 1

2. respiratory tract infections in Hajj and IV. BAYESIAN META-ANALYSIS Umrah. They collected the data in the form With this information, they conducted a survey involving 72 variables. In practice, Bayesian meta-analysis and performed analysing the entire 72 variables will yield 10000 Markov Chain iterations using fixed poor results. Thus, the dimensionality effects and random effects separately and reduction technique is adopted and found no statistical incoherence in the measured by the confirmatory factor analysis. Furthermore, Xu et al. (2020) analysis, which uses the chi-square studied the characteristics of patients statistic. Also, Saefi et al. (2020) studied affected by COVID19 outside Wuhan in the undergraduate student's knowledge China. The study revealed that people about COVID19, measures taken by them affected with COVID outside Wuhan city to prevent the disease, and maintaining the are very mild than the people affected in health style during COVID19. They Wuhan. conducted a survey and investigated the Apart from the viral infectious disease, properties of the KAP questionnaire by numerous diseases are of interest to the adopting Confirmatory Factor Analysis researchers in finding the causes, (CFA) and RASCH model and the results remedies, risk factors, etc. One such of these analyses revealed that each of the increasing research area is cancer studies. items in the questionnaire possesses Calster et al. (2020) considered a cohort unique qualities and this questionnaire is study on ovarian cancer and identified the adequate enough to measure the student's best model to detect cancer and properly knowledge, attitude and practice during distinguish cancer types. The dataset has COVID19. Further, Siemieniuk et al. been collected from IOTA and selected a (2020) compared the effects of COVID19 proper sample for the analysis. Five treatments from literature using Meta- different models have been conducted, and analysis. Data for this study has been the results revealed that SRRisk and collected daily from different sources such ADNEX models performed well in as the WHO website, Centre for Disease classifying the type of cancer. Healthcare Control and Prevention in the U.S., research is to diagnose the disease or find PubMed, etc. The data includes detailed the risk factor associated with the disease. information of the patient affected with COVID19, like the length of stay in ICU, Statistical techniques can be used to duration of ventilation, etc. analyse the causes of the diseases. In that Copyright © 2021 TutorsIndia. All rights 2

3. sense, Tian et al. (2019) estimated the risk 80%.The fifth model uses a mobile factors of hospital admission related to application to collect data and to risk- cardiovascular disease. A total of 184 stratify patients. It uses demographics, cities in China are included in the study, symptoms, and contact history of users.It and the information related to pollution further expanded into two more models: and hospital admissions are collected. blood values and blood values plus They adopted Time series analysis to computed tomography (C.T.) images. investigate the association between pollution and disease. The results showed Table: Overview of prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-1911 that short-term exposure to pollution leads to increased hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease. Statswork provides high quality biostatistics services which helps precise estimation of the effect size and increases the generalizability of the results of individual studies. V. MODELS TO FORECAST THE RISK OF COVID-19 IN THE GENERAL POPULATION They acknowledged seven models that VI. DIAGNOSTIC MODELS TO DISCOVER COVID-19 IN PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED INFECTION It is a type of method or test used to help in predicting the risk of covid-19 in help diagnose a disease or condition. It the general population. Three models from includes imaging tests and tests to measure one study used hospital admission based blood pressure, pulse, and temperature are on non-tuberculosis pneumonia, influenza, examples of diagnostic techniques. acute bronchitis, or upper respiratory tract Diagnosis has significant implications infections as substitution outcomes in a for patient care, research, and policy. dataset without any patients with covid- 191. The fourth model uses a deep learning VII .PREDICTIVE MODELS TO DIAGNOSE COVID-19 technique detecting thermal video from the A predictive faces of people wearing facemasks to model was defined as detecting abnormal breathing (not covid combining at least two prognostic factors, related) with a reported sensitivity of based on multivariable analysis, as Copyright © 2021 TutorsIndia. All rights 3

4. REFERENCES estimating the individual risk of a specific 1. Dauda Goni M, Hasan H, Naing N.N., et al. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections among Hajj and Umrah Pilgrims from Malaysia in 2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019 Nov;16(22). Saefi, M., Fauzi, A., Kristiana, E., Adi, W. C., Muchson, M., Setiawan, M. E., Ramadhani, M. (2020). Validating of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Questionnaire for Prevention of COVID-19 infections among Undergraduate Students: A RASCH and Factor Analysis. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 16(12), em1926. Siemieniuk R A, Bartoszko J J, Ge L, Zeraatkar D, Izcovich A, Kum E et al. Drug treatments for covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis BMJ 2020; 370 :m2980 Van Calster B, Valentin L, Froyman W, Landolfo C, Ceusters J, Testa A C et al. Validation of models to diagnose ovarian cancer in patients managed surgically or conservatively: multicentre cohort study BMJ 2020; 370 :m2614 Whaley C M, Arnold D R, Gross N, Jena A B. Practice composition and sex differences in physician income: observational study BMJ 2020; 370 :m2588 Tian Y, Liu H, Wu Y, Si Y, Song J, Cao Y et al. Association between particulate pollution and hospital admissions for cause specific cardiovascular disease: time series study in 184 major Chinese cities BMJ 2019; 367 :l6572 Forbes H, Douglas I, Finn A, Breuer J, Bhaskaran K, Smeeth L et al. Risk of herpes zoster after exposure to varicella to explore the exogenous boosting hypothesis: self controlled case series study using U.K. electronic healthcare data BMJ 2020; 368 :l6987 Moustgaard H, Clayton G L, Jones H E, Boutron I, Jørgensen L, Laursen D R T et al. Impact of blinding on estimated treatment effects in randomised clinical trials: meta- epidemiological study BMJ 2020; 368 :l6802 Fabbri A, Parker L, Colombo C, Mosconi P, Barbara G, Frattaruolo M P et al. Industry funding of patient and health consumer organisations: systematic review with meta- analysis BMJ 2020; 368 :l6925 10.Xu X, Wu X, Jiang X, Xu K, Ying L, Ma C et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel corona virus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series BMJ 2020; 368 :m606 11.Wynants, L., Van Calster, B., Collins, G. S., Riley, R. D., Heinze, G., Schuit, E., ... & van outcome, presented as regression formula, nomogram, or in a simplified form, such as risk score. A predictive model is a formal grouping of 2. multiple predictors from which a particular endpoint's risks can be calculated for individual patients. Other names for a predictive model include prognostic (or prediction) index or rule, risk (or clinical) 3. prediction model, and predictive model. 4. VIII. CONCLUSION: Further, statistical techniques have been 5. widely used in epidemiological research. Moustgaard et al. (2020) studied the impact of treatment and therapeutically 6. ambient fine effects in clinical trials using meta- analysis. The results showed no difference in the effects of treatments of patients from 7. the healthcare providers with and without blinding. Furthermore, Fabbri et al. (2020) presented a review on the health care 8. providers and South African patients' funding using meta-analysis. They recommended that the corporate 9. companies provide transparency in providing funds to patients, and this type of funding can be seen in high-income countries. If you are struggling with meta- analysis you can reach our statistical meta- analysis service. Copyright © 2021 TutorsIndia. All rights 4

5. Smeden, M. (2020). Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis systematic review appraisal. bmj, 369. of covid-19: critical and Copyright © 2021 TutorsIndia. All rights 5