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SUNAINA KAPURIA 11TH COMMERCE

IT PRESENTATION

Samarth13
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SUNAINA KAPURIA 11TH COMMERCE

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  1. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

  2. INTRODUCTION:- In today's fast-paced and interconnected world, computers have become an integral part of our daily lives. From personal computing devices to complex network infrastructures, computers power an immense range of tasks, making them indispensable tools for communication, work, entertainment, and problem-solving. The concept of a computer dates back to the mid-20th century, but the evolution and advancements in technology have propelled these machines far beyond their early limitations. Today, computers not only process data at incredible speeds but also enable us to access a vast repository of information through the Internet. This introduction aims to delve into the fundamentals of computers, exploring their architecture, the binary system they operate on, and the software that brings them to life. Additionally, we will touch on the significance of programming languages and algorithms, which form the building blocks of computer applications.

  3. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS:- The evolution of computers is a fascinating journey that spans several centuries. From the early mechanical devices to the powerful electronic machines we use today, each stage of development has contributed to the modern digital age. Let's take a brief tour through the key milestones in the evolution of computers: 1. Early Mechanical Calculating Devices (1600s - 1800s): The earliest known mechanical calculating devices, such as the abacus, date back thousands of years. However, in the 17th century, Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz designed mechanical calculators capable of performing basic arithmetic operations. 2. Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine (1837): Charles Babbage, a mathematician and engineer, designed the Analytical Engine, considered to be the first general-purpose mechanical computer. Though it was never fully built during his lifetime, the design laid the foundation for modern computing concepts, including the use of punched cards for input and output.

  4. 3. Mechanical Tabulating Machines (Late 1800s - Early 1900s): Herman Hollerith developed punch-card tabulating machines to process data for the U.S. Census in the late 1800s. This innovation led to the founding of the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became IBM (International Business Machines Corporation). 4. Vacuum Tubes and Early Electronic Computers (1930s - 1940s): In the 1930s, vacuum tubes replaced mechanical switches in computing devices, paving the way for faster calculations. In 1941, Konrad Zuse built the Z3, the world's first programmable digital computer. During World War II, Alan Turing and his team at Bletchley Park developed Colossus, the world's first programmable electronic digital computer, used to break German codes. 5. ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (1945): ENIAC, completed in 1945, was one of the earliest general-purpose electronic computers. It used vacuum tubes and was primarily designed to perform complex numerical calculations for military purposes.

  5. 6. Transistors (Late 1940s - 1950s): In the late 1940s, transistors replaced vacuum tubes, leading to smaller, more reliable, and energy-efficient computers. This era marked the beginning of the second generation of computers. 7. Integrated Circuits (1960s): The invention of integrated circuits (ICs) by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in the early 1960s further reduced the size of computers while increasing their computing power. This era saw the emergence of third-generation computers. 8. Microprocessors (1970s): The development of microprocessors, the central processing units (CPUs) on a single chip, revolutionized computing. In 1971, Intel released the first commercially available microprocessor, the Intel 4004. 9. Personal Computers (1980s - 1990s): The 1980s saw the rise of personal computers (PCs) that brought computing power to individuals and businesses. Companies like Apple and IBM played pivotal roles in popularizing PCs.

  6. 10. Internet and Networked Computers (1990s): The 1990s witnessed the rapid growth of the internet, connecting computers worldwide. This era marked the transition from stand-alone computing to a globally connected network of computers. 11. Modern Era - Mobile Devices and Cloud Computing (2000s - Present): In the 21st century, computing expanded to encompass mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Cloud computing emerged, enabling users to access computing resources and services remotely over the internet. 12. AI and Quantum Computing (Emerging Technologies): As of my last update in September 2021, artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum computing are among the cutting-edge areas of research and development, promising to reshape the future of computing. The evolution of computers has been marked by continuous innovation and breakthroughs, resulting in ever-increasing processing power, efficiency, and connectivity. As technology continues to advance, the possibilities for future computing developments remain boundless.

  7. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER:- Speed: Computers can execute instructions and process data at incredibly high speeds. They can perform complex calculations and tasks in fractions of a second. Accuracy: Computers are highly accurate in their operations, as long as the instructions and data provided are correct. They do not make mistakes due to human errors, ensuring reliable results. Versatility: Computers can be programmed to perform a wide range of tasks. From basic arithmetic calculations to sophisticated simulations, computers can handle various applications with appropriate software. Diligence: Computers are tireless and can perform repetitive tasks without getting bored or fatigued. This characteristic makes them ideal for tasks that require precision and consistency. Storage Capacity: Modern computers can store vast amounts of data in different forms, such as text, images, videos, and more. Storage capacity can range from gigabytes to terabytes and beyond.

  8. Automation: Computers can be programmed to automate processes and tasks, reducing the need for manual intervention and increasing efficiency. Connectivity: Computers can be connected to networks and the internet, allowing them to communicate and share information with other computers globally. Multitasking: Many modern operating systems allow computers to handle multiple tasks simultaneously, switching between programs and processes rapidly. Electronic Data Processing: Computers process and manipulate data in electronic form using binary digits (0s and 1s). This digital nature enables fast and efficient data handling. Scalability: Computers can be scaled up in terms of processing power, memory, and storage to accommodate more demanding tasks and applications.

  9. User Interaction: Computers provide various input and output options, allowing users to interact with them through graphical interfaces, keyboards, mice, touchscreens, voice commands, and more. Data Security: Computers can employ encryption and other security measures to protect data from unauthorized access and ensure privacy. Software Dependence: While hardware provides the physical components, the capabilities of a computer largely depend on the software that runs on it. Different software applications enable computers to perform specific tasks. Logical Operations: Computers follow logical and mathematical rules, making them excellent tools for solving complex problems and performing data analysis. Upgradability: Computers can be upgraded with newer hardware components and software versions, extending their lifespan and keeping them up-to-date with the latest advancements.

  10. COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER:-

  11. Computers consist of various components that work together to perform a wide range of tasks. These components can be broadly categorized into two main groups: hardware and software. Let's take a closer look at each: 1. Hardware Components: Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU, often referred to as the "brain" of the computer, performs calculations, executes instructions, and manages data processing. Memory (RAM - Random Access Memory): RAM temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly during program execution. Storage Devices: Computers have various types of storage devices for long-term data retention, such as Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) and Solid State Drives (SSDs). Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects and facilitates communication between all the hardware components of the computer.

  12. 2. Software Components: Operating System (OS): The operating system is the core software that manages the computer's resources, controls hardware, and provides services to applications. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux. System Software: This software includes drivers, utilities, and libraries that allow the computer's hardware and software to work together efficiently. Application Software: Application software encompasses programs designed to perform specific tasks or applications, such as web browsers, word processors, games, and media players. Firmware: Firmware is a type of software embedded in hardware devices to control their functionalities. For example, BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is firmware that initializes hardware during the boot-up process. These components work in harmony to execute instructions, process data, store information, and deliver a wide range of applications and services to users. The interaction between hardware and software is crucial for the proper functioning and usefulness of computers in our daily lives.

  13. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): The GPU is responsible for rendering graphics and images, making it crucial for gaming, video playback, and graphics-intensive tasks. Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU supplies the necessary power to all the components of the computer. Cooling System: Computers use cooling systems, including fans and heat sinks, to dissipate heat generated by the CPU and GPU during intensive tasks. Input Devices: These devices allow users to input data into the computer. Common examples include keyboards, mice, touchpads, and webcams. Output Devices: Output devices present the processed information to the user. Common examples include monitors, printers, speakers, and headphones.

  14. OPERATING SYSTEM COMMUNICATION MANAGER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROCESS MANAGEMENT FILE MANAGEMENT MEMORY MANAGEMENT

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