Scientific Fraud_ How Journals Detect Image Manipulation (Part 1) - Enago Academy

1. ScientikcFraud:HowJournalsDetectImage Manipulation(Part 1) Enago Academy is here to answer all your questions related to academic research and publishing.

2. ENAGO ACADEMY Enago Academy offers comprehensive and up-to-date resources for researchers, publishers, editors, and students to learn and share their experience about research and publishing. Enago Academy also conducts workshops primarily for ESL authors, early-stage researchers, and graduate students. Our advanced workshop modules cater to the needs of researchers who want to know more about the issues pertinent to successful publication.

3. ENAGO Enago is the trusted name in author services for the global research community. Since 2005, we have worked with researchers in more than 125 countries improving the communication of their research and helping them to achieve success in publication. We have offices in Tokyo, Seoul, Beijing, Shanghai, Istanbul, and New York. Enago operates globally with regional teams supporting researchers locally. Enago is the preferred partner for many leading universities and research organizations worldwide. In addition, we also collaborate with prominent publishers and societies to overcome regional challenges.

4. 9/7/2018 Scientific Fraud: How Journals Detect Image Manipulation (Part 1) - EnagoAcademy ScientikcFraud:HowJournalsDetectImage Manipulation(Part 1) LastupdatedMay8,2018 In2009,researcherHwangWoo-Sukwasconvictedofresearchmisconductthatincludedembezzlementand unethicalprocurementofhumaneggs.Amonghislesswidelyreportedethicalviolations,however,wasthe manipulationofimagestoshownegativestainingforacell-surfacemarker. In2013,readersofCelldiscoveredduplicateimagesinapaperbyreproductivebiologistShoukhratMitalipov.In 2016, a Pkzer cancer researcher Min-Jean Yin was kred for duplication of Western Blot images. Similarly, a Portuguese scientist Sonia Melo lost her grant funding for the same reason. Mitalipov and Melo insist their duplicationswereonlyduetosloppinessandthattheirconclusionsarestillreproducible. WhatisWrongwithThesePictures? MicrobiologistElisabethBikistheauthorityonimageintegrityinscientikcpublishing.Inher2016exposé,“The Prevalence of Inappropriate Image Duplication in Biomedical Research Publications,” she acknowledges that “inaccuracies in scientikc papers have many causes,” sloppiness is one among them. Some misrepresentations “resultfromhonestmistakeswhileothersareintentionalandconstituteresearchmisconduct,includingsituations  https://www.enago.com/academy/scientific-fraud-journals-detect-image-manipulation-part-1/

5. 9/7/2018 Scientific Fraud: How Journals Detect Image Manipulation (Part 1) - EnagoAcademy inwhichdataisaltered,omitted,manufacturedormisrepresentedinawaythatktsthedesiredoutcome.”Bik assignedproblematicimagestokvecategories:simpleduplication,duplicationwithrepositioning,duplication withalteration,cuts,andbeautikcation. Cutsandbeautikcation(thelatterofwhichcanassistreadersafflictedbycolorblindness)don’talwaysconstitute researchmisconduct.Duplicationalmostalwaysdoes.Whetherthatmisconductisintentionaloraccidental,the experimentsbasedonflawedkndingsareinvalidandpaperscitingmanipulatedimagesmustberetracted.That’s whythemajorityofthescientikccommunityagreesthatjournaleditorsorpeerreviewershaveanimportantrole inidentifyingdataintegrityissuesbeforepublication. YetevenaftertheHwangandYinscandals,manysuchviolationsofimageintegrityarediscoveredbyreaders afterpublication,partlybecausediscerningunethicalimageprocessingcanbeverydifkcult.AsonePubPeer commenternotes,“Itissoeasytocheat…withoutleavingtraces…”  https://www.enago.com/academy/scientific-fraud-journals-detect-image-manipulation-part-1/

6. 9/7/2018 Scientific Fraud: How Journals Detect Image Manipulation (Part 1) - EnagoAcademy WillJournalsTakeCharge? Manyjournalshaveimplementedscreeningprocedures,withtheJournalofCellBiology(JCB)anditsthen– managingeditorMikeRossnerleadingthepackin2002.  https://www.enago.com/academy/scientific-fraud-journals-detect-image-manipulation-part-1/

7. 9/7/2018 Scientific Fraud: How Journals Detect Image Manipulation (Part 1) - EnagoAcademy  Journalshavestruggledwiththeresponsibility,though.AsformerScienceeditorDonald Kennedycomplainedin2006,“Weare…consideringthekindsofspecialattentionthat mightbegivento…high-riskpapers…[including]moreintensiveevaluationofthetreatment ofdigitalimages…[But]theexperiencewillbetime-consumingandexpensiveforthejournal andmayleadtoconflictwithauthors.” Westilllackasharedrulebookforimageintegrity.TheCouncilofScienceEditors(CSE)assignsresponsibilityto authors—recommendingthattheydisclosealterationsevenwhendataisnotmisrepresented—andtojournals, the CSE provides links to guidelines such as those of Rockefeller University Press. These guidelines prohibit enhancing, obscuring, moving, removing, or introducing any specikc features within images but permit some adjustmentstobrightness,contrast,color,andgroupings.However,neithertheCSEnortheOfkceofResearch Integrityhasimplementedanyuniversal,requiredstandardsforscientikcpublicationofimages. WillAuthorsTakeCharge? Even some scientists are reluctant to accept strict guidelines on data integrity. In 2014, the Committee on PublicationEthicssharedaconcernfromthemanagingeditorofascientikcjournal:“Manylaboratoriesconsider photographs as illustrations that can be manipulated, and not as original data. Thus gels are often cleaned of impurities,bandsarecutoutandphotographsofplantmaterialonlyservetoshowwhattheauthorswantto demonstrate,andthematerialdoesnotnecessarilyoriginatefromtheexperimentinquestion.”  The editor emphasized scientists’ resistance to journals’ attempts to protect against research misconduct in image processing: “When the editor-in-chief rejected such a manuscript,atypicalresponsewas:Iamsurprisedbythequestionandproblemyoupointed outinourmanuscript.IcheckedthepicturesyoumentionedandIagreethattheyarereally identical.Butpleaseberemindedthatthepurposeofthesegelpictureswasonlytoshowthe differenttypesofbandingpattern,andthegelsofafewspecikctypeswerenotveryclear,so myPhDstudentrepeatedlyusedtheclearerones.Thismisleadingusagedoesnothavean influenceondatastatisticsortheknalconclusion.”  https://www.enago.com/academy/scientific-fraud-journals-detect-image-manipulation-part-1/

8. 9/7/2018 Scientific Fraud: How Journals Detect Image Manipulation (Part 1) - EnagoAcademy So,whoisreallyinchargeandwhatmeasurescanbetakenfrombothends?Staytunedforournextarticle discussingthemeasuresandtechniquestodetectimagemanipulationinscientikcpublishing. This article was originally published at Enago Academy by EnagoManuscript Editing services which provides scientific editing to researchers authors and Phd students. For more information contact - - orders@enago.com.  https://www.enago.com/academy/scientific-fraud-journals-detect-image-manipulation-part-1/

9. 9/7/2018 REPORTING RESEARCH Scientific Fraud: How Journals Detect Image Manipulation (Part 1) - EnagoAcademy PUBLISHING RESEARCH IMPORTANT OUR SERVICES ABOUT US LINKS EnglishEditingContactUs GLOBAL ENAGO Language& Grammar Selecting Journals PhDs & PostdocsServices GuestContributor Product & Service Copy Editing ReviewsServices AboutEnago Academy Journal Guidelines Submitting Manuscripts Substantive Editing Services Ask aQuestion! Manuscripts& Grants Understanding Reviews Publication Support Services Reference Management Understanding Ethics Proofreading Services Figures &Tables Enago Academy offers comprehensive and up-to-date resources for researchers, publishers, editors, and students to learn and sharetheirexperienceaboutresearchandpublishing. Enago AcademyalsoconductsworkshopsprimarilyforESLauthors,early- stageresearchers,andgraduatestudents.Ouradvancedworkshopmodulescatertotheneedsofresearcherswhowanttoknow moreabouttheissuespertinenttosuccessfulpublication.ReadMore Copyright © - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | PrivacyPolicy | Terms & Conditions| ContactUs  https://www.enago.com/academy/scientific-fraud-journals-detect-image-manipulation-part-1/