Mid-Term Review

Presentation Transcript

2008

An example of a population is

all trees in a forest.
all maple trees in a forest.
all plants in a forest.
all animals in a forest.

In which of the following relationships is neither species harmed?

Predation
Parasitism
Competition
Commensalism

Which of the following would most likely cause a large number of density-independent deaths in a population?

winter storms
predators
disease-carrying insects
limited resources

During Stage 2 of a population’s demographic transition, the death rate

increases.
remains the same.
decreases.
is zero.

The number of wild horses per square kilometer in a prairie is the horse populations

density.
size.
dispersion.
birth rate.

Which of the following is one of the main properties used to describe a population?

number of individuals
number of species
color of individuals
kind of adaptations

The level of biodiversity that involves a variety of habits and communities is

ecosystem diversity.
population diversity.
genetic diversity.
species diversity.

Competition for food cannot occur

between two populations.
among members of the same population.
among populations whose niches overlap.
between animals from two different ecosystems.

The difference between a predator and a parasite is that a predator

usually kills and eats its prey.
lives in or on a host.
benefits from another organism.
harms another organism.

Professionals who study and make predictions about human populations are called

stenographers.
geologists.
demographers.
populists.

Which of the following organisms has the highest reproductive potential?

dogs
bacteria
elephants
humans

Thick fur on deer is not an example of coevolution. Why?

because thick fur is an adaptation
because deer with thick fur live longer
because thick fur evolved in response to a cold climate, not in response to other organisms
because in the lowlands, where the climate was sunny and warm, deer that did not have thick fur became separated from other deer that did have thick fur

Which factor contributed most to the exponential growth of the human population?

more food, better hygiene
higher fertility rates
higher birth rates
increased immigration

Each of the following is an example of a parasite except

a roundworm in a human’s intestine.
a tick on a cat.
a cow in a pasture.
mistletoe on a tree.

Educating women worldwide has lowered birthrates partly because

educated women need to bear many children to ensure that some will survive.
educated women may learn family-planning techniques.
educated women contribute less to their family income.
All of the above

Human population growth was most rapid during which period of human history?

Ice Ages
Bronze and Iron Ages
Stone Ages
Modern Age

Because birth rates have begun to fall, Earth’s population will

soon stabilize at the level it is today—about 6 billion.
begin to decrease until it reaches 5 billion.
increase for a short time and then decrease to current levels.
stabilize somewhere around 9 billion by 2050.

During the _____ period(s), humans altered their habitats.

hunter-gatherer
Industrial Revolution
agricultural revolution d.
All of the above

Which of the following makes it difficult to reduce population growth?

High literacy rates result in women wanting to have more children.
Population sizes will not decline until some people start having to do without food and other necessities of life.
Many people live in cities, where large families are an advantage.
Many people have low literacy and limited access to healthcare.

Scientists predict population sizes by using

survivorship, migration, life expectancy, and replacement structure.
age structure, fertility rate, and migration.
replacement rate, fertility rate, age rates, and survivorship.
age structure, survivorship, fertility rate, and migration.

World population growth will eventually stop when

the population reaches 9 billion.
most countries have replacement-level fertility rates.
most countries have higher death rates.
the worldwide infant mortality rate increases.

An endangered species is

a species in danger of extinction.
a species growing on public land.
an organism brought to a place where it has not lived before.
a species that has disappeared entirely.

Which of the following would not be illegal under the Endangered Species Act?

capturing a wild animal listed as a threatened species for exhibition in a zoo, provided the animal is well cared for
digging up an endangered plant in a public park and selling it
destroying the habitat of an endangered plant during the building of a federal highway
having a permit to capture and conduct research with endangered species

How many species are estimated to be living on Earth?

between 10,000 and 100,000
between 1 and 2 million
between 500,000 and 1 million
between 10 and 50 million

Which of the following is a reason that wood is considered a limited resource in many developing countries?

Wood is used in place of money to buy food.
Fuelwood allows people to purify their water by boiling it.
Excess wood is used to construct shantytowns.
People cut down trees faster than they can grow.

In what part of the world are the greatest number of extinctions occurring?

in tropical rain forests
in the Arctic
in deserts
in Europe and the United States

The current rate of species extinction is

slower than at any other time in this century.
attributable to the actions of humans.
the result of natural environmental processes.
of little consequence to Earth’s long-term survival.

The fact that organisms are adapted to survive in particular environments helps to explain why

captive-breeding programs are often ineffective.
non-native plant species never flourish in new areas.
habitat destruction accounts for most extinctions.
compromise is impossible on environmental issues.

What groups of organisms are most in danger of extinction?

with small populations
those that migrate or need special habitats
those with large populations that breed quickly
Both (a) and (b)

Where are many critical biodiversity hotspots located?

cities and developed areas of the world
islands, tropical rain forests, and coastal areas
desert and polar environments
All of the above

The major human causes of extinction today are

hunting and destroying habitats.
polluting and introducing non-native species.
Both
Neither

The _____ was not a direct result of the Industrial Revolution.

overhunting of large mammals
improved quality of life
shift in the use of fossil fuels
growth of cities

Using scientific information from chemistry and biology to devise a plan to clean up a lake and make it healthy again describes

ecology.
earth science.
environmental science.
social science.

The “Tragedy of the Commons” describes the conflict between

developing and developed nations.
individuals and society.
farmers and industrialized society.
Canada and Mexico.

A sustainable world would be characterized by the

preservation of rare animals by relocation from natural habitats to laboratories.
invention of safer storage facilities for increased amounts of toxic wastes.
maximum exploitation of natural resources using more advanced technologies.
indefinite existence of human populations in a healthy and prosperous condition.

An ecological footprint is the

mark a person’s shoe makes in soft earth.
number of animals a person has killed.
amount of land and ocean area needed to support one person.
number of trees people cut down.

A resident of _____ is likely to leave the largest ecological footprint.

Indonesia
the United States
Britain
India

The classification and collection of data that are in the form of numbers is called

statistics.
distribution.
probability.
mean.

Your county is considering buying land to form a nature preserve. On this land, an endangered species of bird is known to breed. Which of the following is a possible negative short-term consequence to the county making this decision?

The population of the endangered species increases.
Habitat destruction is immediately decreased.
Environmental controls are made less strict outside the preserve area.
Habitats outside the preserve area become damaged by overdevelopment.

The group that does not receive the experimental treatment in an experiment is the

control group.
data.
experimental group.
variable.

By examining _____, scientists can test predictions for situations in which it is impossible or unethical to use experiments.

correlations
control groups
observations
variables

What essential characteristic does a good experiment have?

A control group is given the experimental treatment.
More than one variable is tested.
A control is used.

How did the Himalaya Mountains form?

erosion
glacial movements
convection
colliding tectonic plates

Before you can make a decision using a decision-making model, what step must you take?

Explore the consequences of each option.
Consider which values apply to the issue.
Gather information.
All of the above

What step in a simple environmental decision-making model are you taking when you consider whether or not people will benefit financially from setting aside land as a national park?

exploring consequences
gathering information
making a decision
None of the above

When making a decision about whether or not to build a dam, you are considering an economic value when you ask which of the following questions?

Will the dam provide new leisure activities?
How many jobs will building the dam generate?
Will building the dam destroy natural resources?
Is it right to build a dam here?

Which of the following includes all of the water on or near Earth’s surface?

geosphere
atmosphere
hydrosphere
lithosphere

What are wind and water erosion not likely to affect?

mountains
tides
rocks
soil

Which of the following is the most geologically active region on the surface of Earth?

glacial valleys
boundaries between tectonic plates
mountain peaks
recharge zones

The ozone layer is located in the

stratosphere.
thermosphere.
ionosphere.
troposphere.

What is the estimated temperature of Earth’s inner core?

3,000ºC to 4,000ºC
400ºC to 500ºC
4,000ºC to 5,000ºC
300ºC to 400ºC

In the troposphere, which of the following decreases as altitude increases?

temperature
pressure
radiation

Which of the following is not a mechanism of energy transfer through or within Earth’s atmosphere?

radiation
conduction
condensation
convection

Without the greenhouse effect, Earth’s atmosphere would be _____ to support life.

too hot
too wet
too cold
lacking the oxygen

When you ask the question, “If a marsh is included as part of a nature preserve, will it protect our water resources?” you are considering which of the following types of values?

aesthetic
environmental
educational
social/cultural

Which of the following is not an algae that uses energy from the sun to make food?

seaweed
giant kelp
phytoplankton
gymnosperm

The average mass of a wolf in a pack of wolves is an example of

mean.
sample size.
distribution.
statistical population.

molten rock that is found in the upper mantle is

limestone.
granite.
magma.
basalt.

Ocean water _____ than fresh water.

freezes at a higher temperature
supports fewer fish
contains more salts
is less abundant

Deep currents flow along the

ocean floor.
thermocline.
ocean surface.
halocline.

Surface currents circulate in different directions, depending on the _____ in which they occur.

hemisphere
hydrosphere
troposphere
biosphere

Which of the following is the layer of the ocean extending from the base of the thermocline to the bottom of the ocean?

surface layer
deep zone
thermocline
bottom zone

The community of a pond is made up of all the

abiotic factors in the water.
resources organisms need.
habitats in and around the water.
populations of fish, insects, and other living organisms.

With respect to energy, Earth is a(n)

unstable system.
open system.
stationary system.
closed system.

What part of Earth encompasses all areas where organisms can obtain the energy they need?

biosphere
atmosphere
hydrosphere
lithosphere

With respect to matter, Earth is mostly

an open system.
an ecosystem.
a closed system.
a biosphere.

The organisms most likely to belong to the same species are

people at a football game.
birds in a forest.
bacteria inside a person’s body.
organisms in a pond.

An organism is resistant to a chemical if it

has a gene that protects it from the chemical.
has been exposed to a small amount of the chemical over time.
did not eat anything with the chemical on it.
All of the above

In order for evolution to occur in a population, individuals with a trait that is “naturally selected for” must

live a long time.
reproduce.
leave the area.
coevolve.

Which of the following converts nitrogen in the air into a form plants can use?

bacteria
protists
fungi
animals

In the _____ zone, the water is cool and dark.

benthic
littoral
eutrophic
plankton

What mainly distinguishes nekton from benthos?

One lives in a freshwater ecosystem and the other lives in salty water.
One swims freely and the other often lives attached to a hard surface.
One is a predator and the other is a primary producer.
All of the above

Estuaries

are always saltwater ecosystems.
are always freshwater ecosystems.
are ecosystems where both fresh water and salt water are present.
prevent the development of salt marshes.

Which organism produces most of the food in an aquatic ecosystem?

fish
phytoplankton
barnacles
zooplankton

Why doesn’t photosynthesis occur in deep ocean water?

The water temperature is too cold.
There is no sunlight.
There are not enough nutrients.
The salinity level of the water is too high.

Which ecosystem has the highest level of salinity?

salt marsh
river
brackish marsh
pond

What are the two main types of freshwater wetlands?

lakes and ponds
littoral zones and benthic zones
rivers and streams
marshes and swamps

All of the following are characteristics of temperate rain forests except

high humidity and moderate temperatures.
abundant mosses, ferns, and lichens.
low rainfall in summer but abundant snow in winter.
large evergreen trees, such as Sitka spruce and Douglas fir.

Most scientists classify organisms into

five kingdoms.
three kingdoms.
six kingdoms.
two groups.

The energy in most ecosystems comes from

green plants.
wind.
the sun.
All of the above

Which of the following animals is successful because it moves quickly, reproduces rapidly, and has a waterproof external skeleton?

ant
bird
mouse
squirrel

Which kind of organism obtains energy only from producers?

decomposers
omnivores
herbivores
All of the above

Which of the following describes soil and temperature in an ecosystem?

abiotic factors
unnecessary factors
biotic factors
selection factors

Which of the following best describes a population?

members of the same species living in the same place at the same time
all the red birds in an area
all types of organisms living in the same place
all members of the same species

Which of the following plants is likely to be a pioneer species?

lichen
shrub
grass
oak tree

What kind of natural disaster helps some forest communities by allowing some trees to release their seeds, by clearing away deadwood, and by encouraging new growth?

fire
windstorm
flood
drought

Which of the following is not true about temperate deciduous forests?

Trees grow lush green leaves in the spring, but lose their leaves in late summer.
The soil is rich, and plants cover much of the forest floor.
Animals such as squirrels, bears, and deer find food in the form of nuts, berries, and leaves.