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Linguistics S5

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It consists of phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.

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Linguistics S5

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  1. Linguistics Dr. Mohamed Benhima

  2. Outline • Definitions • Phonetics • Phonology • Morphology • Syntax • Semantics • Pragmatics

  3. Definitions of key terms • Linguisticsis the scientificstudy of language. It wasestablished by De Suassure and Chomsky. It draws on modern grammarratherthantraditionalgrammar. In otherwords, itdescribes how people speak. It does not prescribe how people shouldspeak.

  4. Design features of language • According to Hocket (1958), design featuresdestinguishhumanlanguagefromothersystems of communication: • 1-Voice-auditory channel: • 2- Rapid fading (transitoriness): • 3- Interchangeability: • 4- Total feedback:

  5. Design features of language • According to Hocket (1958), design featuresdestinguishhumanlanguagefromothersystems of communication: • 5- Specialization: • 6- Semanticity: • 7- Arbitrariness: • 8- Discreteness:

  6. Design features of language • According to Hocket (1958), design featuresdestinguishhumanlanguagefromothersystems of communication: • 9- Displacement: • 10- Productivity: • 11- Cultural transmission: • 12- Duality of patterning: • 13- Prevarication:

  7. Design features of language • According to Hocket (1958), design featuresdestinguishhumanlanguagefromothersystems of communication: • 14- Reflexivity: • 15- Learnability:

  8. Phonetics • Phoneticsis a branch of linguisticsthatstudies how humansproduce and perceivesounds; • - Acoustic phonetics: focuses on the physical properties of the sounds of language; • –  Auditory phonetics: focuses on how listeners perceive the sounds of language; • –  Articulatory phonetics: focuses on how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language.

  9. Phonetics • –  Articulatory phonetics: studies places of articulation, manner of articulation and voicing. • The major places of articulation are bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular, and glottal for consonants. Theydepend on tongue positions and rounding for vowels. • Manner of articulation consists of stops, fricatives and affricates in addition to oral and nasal sounds, liquids, glides. • Voicingdepends on the vibration of the vocal cords.

  10. Phonology • Phonologystudiessound patterns thatoccurwithin a specificlanguage. • Phonologicalrules are about assimilation, dissimilation, epenthisis or insertion, and deletion … • The phonetic environnent affects how sounds are prononced like the thirdperson /s/ = iz, z, s. They are calledallomorphs. Minimal pairs help distinguishphonemesfrom allophones. • Allophones occur in complementary distribution (not in the same place)

  11. Morphology • Morphologystudies the internal structures of word formation. • It can bederivational or inflectionalmorphology. • Derivationalmorphologyinvolvescategory changes; • Inflectionalmorphologyinvovles the use of grammatical morhphemesthat do not invovle a category change.

  12. Syntax • Syntaxstudies the combination of words to form phrases, clauses or sentences; • Syntacticambiguity arises due to the confusion caused by syntactic structures; • Phrase structure rules are about wordorder; • Transformationalgrammar deals withdifferent transformations;

  13. Semantics • Semanticsis a branch of linguisticsthatstudiesmeaning. • It deals withsemanticrelationships of synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, polysemy, and homonymy.

  14. Pragmatics • Pragmaticsstudiesmeaning in context; • Speech acttheory by Austin and Searle (1961); • Politeness by Brown and Levinson; • Maxims by Grice;

  15. Suggested Readings • Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2018). An introduction to language. Cengage Learning. • Montgomery, M. (2008). An introduction to language and society. Routledge.

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