Chapter I Introduction to Translation Studies

1. Intro to Translation Studies MsFarzanaKhan English Language Lecturer National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Pakistan

2. Introduction • Definition of Translation: The process of converting text from one language to another while preserving meaning and context. • Scope of Translation Studies: A multidisciplinary field encompassing linguistics, literature, cultural studies, and technology. • Importance: Facilitates cross-cultural communication and knowledge exchange.

3. What is Translation? • - Translation is converting a source text (ST) into a target text (TT). • - It involves linguistic, cultural, and interpretative challenges. • - Approaches include literal (word-for-word) and free (sense-for-sense) translation.

4. What is Translation? • Three Types of Translation (Roman Jakobson, 1959): • Intralingual Translation – Rewording within the same language. • Interlingual Translation – Translation Proper: Translation between different languages. • Intersemiotic Translation– Transmutation: Interpretation of verbal signs into non-verbal systems (e.g., music, art).

5. Early Theories of Translation: Ancient and Classical Periods • Cicero (1st century BCE): Advocated for sense-for-sense rather than word-for-word translation, emphasizing stylistic coherence. • Horace: Word for Word Translation • St. Jerome (4th century CE): Translator of the Latin Vulgate Bible; emphasized balancing faithfulness and readability. Advocated Sense for Sense for literary translation but word for word translation for religious text. • Arabic Translation Movement (8th-10th century CE): • Led by scholars in the Islamic Golden Age, such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq. • Greek philosophical and scientific texts were translated into Arabic, preserving ancient knowledge.

6. Medieval and Renaissance Period: • Medieval Period: • Translation as a means of religious and philosophical dissemination. • Arabic scholars preserved and translated Greek philosophical works into Latin. • Renaissance and Reformation: • Martin Luther (16th century): German Bible translation that made religious texts accessible to laypeople. • Increased emphasis on literary and scientific translations

7. Development of Translation Theories • 18th-19th Centuries: • John Dryden: Categorized translation into three types: • Metaphrase – Literal translation. • Paraphrase – Sense-for-sense translation. • Imitation – Free adaptation. • Alexander Fraser Tytler: Advocated that a good translation should preserve: • The spirit of the original. • The style and manner of writing. • Ease of understanding.

8. 20th Century Theories: • Eugene Nida (1960s): • Introduced dynamic equivalence (natural and clear translation) vs. formal equivalence (literal translation). • Influenced Bible translation worldwide. • James S. Holmes (1972): • Proposed the framework for Translation Studies as an independent academic discipline. • Created the well-known "map" of translation studies.

9. Holmes/Toury ‘Map’ of Translation Studies • Branches of Translation Studies: • Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS): • Examines how translations function in different contexts. • Investigates product, function, and process of translations. • Theoretical Translation Studies: • Develops principles to guide translation practice. • Explores linguistic, cultural, and cognitive aspects. • Applied Translation Studies: • Encompasses translator training, translation criticism, and professional applications. • Includes machine translation, literary translation, and audiovisual translation.

10. Key Contributions: • Product-Oriented DTS: • Studies comparative analysis of translated texts. • Examples: Analysis of different versions of The Iliad in various languages. • Process-Oriented DTS: • Investigates cognitive processes in translation. • Methods include think-aloud protocols and eye-tracking studies. • Function-Oriented DTS: • Examines translation impact on target audiences. • Examples: Reception studies of Shakespearean translations in different cultures

11. The Cultural Turn in Translation Studies • Shift from Linguistic to Cultural Approaches: • André Lefevere and Susan Bassnett (1990s): Translation as rewriting influenced by ideology and power structures. • Lawrence Venuti (1995): Concept of domestication vs. foreignization in translation strategies.

12. Translation in the Digital Age • Machine Translation (MT): • Early attempts (1950s) – Rule-based systems. • Statistical MT (2000s) – Based on probability models. • Neural Machine Translation (NMT, 2016–present) – AI-driven models (e.g., Google Translate). • Audiovisual Translation (AVT): • Subtitling, dubbing, and voice-over in media content.

13. Case Studies and Examples • Bible Translation: • St. Jerome’s Latin Vulgate (4th century CE) vs. Modern Translations. • Literary Translation: • Gabriel GarcíaMárquez’sOne Hundred Years of Solitude translated by Gregory Rabassa. • Legal and Technical Translation: • European Union’s multilingual legal texts and the role of precision.

14. Conclusion • - Translation studies evolved from linguistic theories to cultural and technological approaches. • - Key debates: fidelity, equivalence, and cultural considerations. • - The field remains dynamic and evolving with globalization.

15. TRANSLATION STUDIES “The name and nature of translation studies” by James S. Holmes (1924-1986), paper given at the translation section of the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics, Copenhagen, 1972, – “founding statement for the field” (Gentzler:92)

16. Introduction • The Holmes/Toury 'Map' is a framework for Translation Studies. • It was introduced by James S. Holmes in 1972 and later expanded by Gideon Toury. • The map categorizes the field into 'Pure,' 'Descriptive,' 'Theoretical,' and 'Applied' areas. • It remains one of the most influential models in translation research.

17. Background of Holmes’s Work • Holmes's paper 'The Name and Nature of Translation Studies' (1988/2004) is considered the founding statement of the discipline. • He emphasized the need for a distinct academic field for translation studies, separate from linguistics or literary studies. • His model provides a structured approach to translation research.

18. Holmes’s map of TS

19. Structure of the Holmes/Toury Map The map is divided into three main branches: 1. Pure Translation Studies (Theoretical & Descriptive) 2. Applied Translation Studies (Training, Aids, Criticism, Policy) 3. Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) (Product, Function, Process)

20. Pure TS has 2 main goals (descriptive and theoretical): • “to describe the phenomena of translating and translation(s) as they manifest themselves in the world of experience” (Descriptive Translation Studies, DTS) • “to establish general principles by means of which these phenomena can be explained and predicted.” (Translation Theory, TTh)

21. Pure Translation Studies Theoretical and descriptive studies that aim to establish translation principles.Divided into: • Theoretical:Seeks to develop universal and partial theories. • Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) Examines actual translations in different contexts. • • Examples include studies on equivalence, norms, and translation universals.

22. Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) • Concerned with how translation occurs in practice. • Three subcategories: 1.Product-Oriented DTS:Analyzes existing translations. 2.Process-Oriented DTS:Studies cognitive processes of translators. 3.Function-Oriented DTS:Examines the role of translation in society.

23. Elena Zagar Galvão - ITS 07 - FLUP

24. TRANSLATOR TRAINING TEACHING METHODS TESTING TECHNIQUES CURRICULUM PLANNING APPLIED TS Elena Zagar Galvão - ITS 07 - FLUP

25. TRANSLATION AIDS IT APPLICATIONS DICTIONARIES GRAMMARS Translation software On-line databases Use of Internet APPLIED TS Elena Zagar Galvão - ITS 07 - FLUP

26. TRANSLATION POLICY PLACE AND ROLE OF TRANSLATORS IN SOCIETY PLACE AND ROLE OF TRANSLATING IN SOCIETY PLACE AND ROLE OF TRANSLATIONS IN SOCIETY APPLIED TS Elena Zagar Galvão - ITS 07 - FLUP

27. TRANSLATION CRITICISM REVISION EVALUATION OF TRANSLATIONS REVIEWS APPLIED TS Elena Zagar Galvão - ITS 07 - FLUP

28. Gideon Tourypoints out that : Theoretical, descriptive and applied areas of TS influence one another, BUT Holmes’s divisions represent a flexibile separation of the various areas of TS, which had very often been confused, thus pointing to the great potential of the discipline. Elena Zagar Galvão - ITS 07 - FLUP

29. Applied Translation Studies • Concerned with practical applications in translation. Includes: • Translator Training (pedagogy, curriculum design). • Translation Aids (CAT tools, glossaries, AI translation). • Translation Criticism (assessment and quality control). • Translation Policy (language policies and sociocultural aspects).

30. Limitations of the Holmes/Toury Map • Theoretical vs. practical divide: The map does not fully integrate the practice of translation. • Overemphasis on written translation: It does not consider newer fields like audiovisual translation. • Flexibility issues: Some categories overlap, making strict classification difficult. • Neglect of cultural and sociological factors in translation.

31. Developments After Holmes • Translation studies has evolved beyond Holmes’s model. • Scholars like Pym (1998) and Snell-Hornby (2006) have proposed revisions. • New areas include technological translation, localization, and audiovisual translation. • Sociological and cultural dimensions now play a key role in translation research.

32. Conclusion • • The Holmes/Toury Map laid the foundation for Translation Studies as an academic discipline. • • Despite its limitations, it remains an essential framework. • • The model has evolved to accommodate new trends and interdisciplinary approaches. • • Future research will continue to refine and expand on these concepts.

33. References • - Munday, J. (2016). *Introducing Translation Studies*. • - Venuti, L. (1995). *The Translator’s Invisibility*. • - Nida, E. (1964). *Toward a Science of Translating*. • - Baker, M. (2011). *In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation*.