Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Text: Elaine N. Marieb 6th Edition

2. Objectives • Define & relate Anatomy and Physiology • List and relate the levels of structural organization that makes up the human body. • Briefly list the functions for the organ systems • Classify by organ systems all organs discussed • Identify the organs shown on the torso diagram.

3. Objectives continued. • List the functions that humans must perform to maintain life. • List the survival needs of the human body • Define homeostasis and explain its importance. • Describe the anatomical positions • Describe body directions, surfaces, and planes. • Locate major body cavities and list the chif organs in each cavity.

4. Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy: The study of the structure and shape of the body. • Physiology: the study of how the body and its parts work or function • Structure determines what functions can take place.

5. Levels of Structural Organization • Atoms • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Organs Systems • Organism

6. Terms • Superior (above)-inferior (below) • Lateral (outside)-Medial (middle) • Proximal (closest to midline)-Distal (distant from midline) • Superficial (surface)- Deep • Anterior (front)-Posterior (back) • Coronal (head)

7. Planes • Sagittal- down middle so you have equal left and left • Frontal/Coronal- cut down side so you have a front and back • Transverse- Top and bottom, perpendicular to long axis.

8. Characteristics of Life • CAREER • Cellular organization • Adaptations that result from evolution • Respond to maintain homeostasis • Energy is used to fuel metabolism • Ecological value to an ecosystem • Reproduction (passes on heredity)

9. Maintaining Life • We must move. • We must respond to changes • We must digest food • We must metabolize (break down substances and use nutrients, oxygen, and produce ATP). • We must excrete • We must find a way to reproduce • We must find a way to grow

10. Homeostasis • Homeostasis: A dynamic state of equilibrium. A balance in which internal conditions change and vary, but always within relatively narrow limits. • Negative feedback mechanisms • Ex: If you are hot, you sweat. If you are cold, you shiver. • Positive Feedback mechanisms • Ex: Blood clotting and child birth

11. Survival Needs • Nutrients • Oxygen • Water • Body Temperature (37 degrees Celsius) • Atmospheric Pressure

12. Organ Systems • Integumentary System: SKIN • Waterproofs, cushions, protects, regulates temp. • Skeletal System: BONES • Bones, cartilage, ligaments, & joints provides framework and protection. • Muscular System: MUSCLES • Contract to provide mobility

13. Organ systems continued… • Nervous system: NERVES. • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors that respond to irritants or stimuli and send messages. • Endocrine system: HORMONES • Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes… release hormones to control actives, such as growth, reproduction, and food in the body.

14. Organ systems continued… • Cardiovascular system: <3 • The heart and blood vessels use blood to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to and from tissues. • Lymphatic system: Lymph Nodes • Lymph vessels and nodes (spleens and tonsils), return leaked blood, clean blood and house the cells involved in immunity. • Respiratory system: Just Breath • Remove the CO2 and give O2

15. Organ systems continued… • Digestive System: Feed Me! • Breaks down food and delivers products to cells. • Urinary System: I gotta go =) • The removing nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushing them from the body in urine. (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra) • Also maintains water and salt balance (acid/base) • Reproductive System: Life must go on!!! • The purpose of this system is to reproduce.

16. Integumentary System • External covering of the body • skin

17. Muscular system • Allows manipulation of the environment. Maintains posture and produces heat. • Skeletal Muscles

18. Nervous System: • Fast- acting control system of body, responds to external and internal changes by activating appropriate muscles. • Brain, Sensory Receptor, Spinal Cord, Nerves

19. Endocrine System • Glands that secrete hormones control body activities. • Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas, Testis (male), Ovary (female).

20. Cardiovascular System • Blood vessels that transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes etc.. Heart pumps blood. • Heart and Blood Vessels

21. Lymphatic System • Picks up fluid that has leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Houses WBC’s. • Thoracic Duct, Lymph Nodes, Lymphatic Vessels

22. Respiratory System • Keeps blood constantly supplied with Oxygen and removes Carbon Dioxide. • Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchus, Left Lung

23. Urinary System • Eliminates Nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood. • Kidney, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra

24. Reproductive Systems • Produce offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. • Male (Seminal vesicles, Prostate Gland, Penis, Vas Deferens, Testis, Scrotum) • Female (Mammary glands, Uterine tube, Ovary, Uterus, Vagina)