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Parts of speech Monday, January 24th, 2022
Adverbs • An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb by making its meaning more specific. Tom is tall. The race finished quickly. Lucy recorded Tom’s win. Tom is very tall. The race finished too quickly. Fortunately, Lucy recorded Tom’s win.
Adverbs that Modify Verbs • Adverbs add meaning to verbs and verb phrases by answering the questions when? where? how?and to what degree? • Examples • I rode a bus here. (Where did I ride a bus?) • I will exercisetomorrow. (When will I exercise?)
Adverbs often modify verbs. • This means that they describe the way an action is happening. • Phillip sings loudly in the shower. • My cat waits impatiently for his food. • I will seriously consider your suggestion. ADVERBS THAT MODIFY VERBS
The adverbs in each of the previous sentences answer the question in what manner? • How does Phillip sing? Loudly. • How does my cat wait? Impatiently. • How will I consider your suggestion? Seriously. Adverbs can answer other types of questions about how an action was performed. They can also tell you when (We arrived early) and where (Turn here).
However, there is one type of verb that doesn’t mix well with adverbs. Linking verbs, such as feel, smell, sound, seem, and appear,typically need adjectives, not adverbs. A very common example of this type of mix up is • I feel badly about what happened.
When modifying a verb, an adverb may appear in various positions in relation to the verb. • Eventually the train will arrive at the station. • The train will eventually arrive at the station. • The train will arrive at the station eventually.
Negative words also function as adverbs modifying verbs. Adverbs include the word not and the contraction -n’t. Other negative words can also function as adverbs of time, place, and degree. • The cow is notin the barn. • The cat is nowherein sight. • I never saw a purple cow.
Adverbs and adjectives Adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs. Often, the purpose of the adverb is to add a degree of intensity to the adjective. • The woman is quite pretty. • This book is more interesting than the last one. • The weather report is almost always right. The adverb almost is modifying the adverb always, and they’re both modifying right.
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. • The garage is behind the house. [Behind shows the spatial relationship between the house and the garage.] • The engine purred after the adjustment. [After tells the time relationship between the purring and the adjustment.] • It started with ease. [With relates the verb started to the noun ease.]
A compound preposition is a preposition that is made up of more than one word.
Phrases that begin with a preposition usually end with a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition. He gave me a book of poetry. Carla sat next to me. I was talking with my boss.
Tongue twister • I thought a thought.But the thought I thoughtWasn’t the thought I thought I thought.If the thought I thought I thought,Had been the thought I thought,I wouldn’t have thought I thought.
Conjunctions A conjunction is a word that joins single words or groups of words.
Coordinating Conjunctions ■ A coordinating conjunction joins words or groups of words that have equal grammatical weight in a sentence.
Examples: • She designs and builds. • He writes in French but not in English. • Practice writing, or you will never improve. • She had no homework, nor did she have basketball practice.
Correlative Conjunctions ■ Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence.
The relationship between words or groups of words is emphasized by using correlative conjunctions rather than coordinating conjunctions.
Subordinating Conjunctions A subordinating conjunction joins two clauses, or ideas, in such a way as to make one grammatically dependent upon the other. The idea, or clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction is considered subordinate, or dependent, because it cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.
Examples: • We cheered the tall ships because they were so glorious. • We cheered the tall ships when they arrived. • Whenever the ships sail again, we will want to see them. • We will want to see them if they sail again.
Conjunctive adverb A conjunctive adverb is used to clarify the relationship between clauses of equal weight in a sentence. Conjunctive adverbs tend to be stronger and more precise than coordinating conjunctions. COORDINATING CONJUNCTION - The ships sailed away, but they left us with happy memories. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB - The ships sailed away; nevertheless, they left us with happy memories.
Conjunctive adverbs have several uses: • TO REPLACE AND also, besides, furthermore, moreover • TO REPLACE BUT however, nevertheless, still • TO STATE A RESULT consequently, therefore, so, thus • TO STATE EQUALITY equally, likewise, similarly
An interjection has no grammatical connection to the other words in the sentence and is set off from the other words by an exclamation point, a question mark, or a comma. • Different emotions are expressed by different interjections.
An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses emotion or exclamation. • An interjection has no grammatical connection to the other words in the sentence and is set off from the other words by an exclamation point, a question mark, or a comma. • Different emotions are expressed by different interjections.
Surprise Oh, didn’t you know? • Delight Ah, your father knows the recipe. • Confusion What? I didn’t know that. • Pain Ouch! That hurts. • Joy Wow! This is great. Interjections are used mostly in speech. They should be used sparingly in writing.
