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Chapter 1 - Firearms Alpha

This is about a overview of firearm on forensic ballistics

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Chapter 1 - Firearms Alpha

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  1. OLCPFRS6: FORENSIC BALISTICS CHAPTER 1: FIREARM History, Mechanisms, and Types of Firearms Presented By:PMSg Marvin Ignacio, AI, Crim, LPT, (MAGAC), MPA Chapter 1: Firearm

  2. Objectives • Identify different types of firearms • Understand the mechanisms of firearms • Recognize the role of firearms in ballistics

  3. Early Firearms • Earliest firearms: small cannons fitted to stocks • Loaded from muzzle with powder, wad, and ball • Ignited via touch hole and priming powder • First reported use: Spain (1247–1311), Germany (1313) • Example: Hand cannon illustration in Sienna, Italy (15th century)

  4. Early Hand Cannon The hand guns could be the origin of the word ‘pistol’, the early cavalry word for the pommel of the saddle being ‘pistallo’. Combinations of the battle axe and hand cannon were used in the sixteenth century, and a number of these can be found in the Tower of London. One English development of this consisted of a large mace, the head of which had a number of separate barrels. At the rear of the barrels, a concealed chamber containing priming powder led to all the barrels. When the priming compound was ignited, all the barrels discharged at once.

  5. Early Hand Cannon

  6. The Matchlock • First major advance in pistols • Allowed one-handed use and aiming • Used slow-burning match cord in serpentine mechanism • Early form of modern trigger mechanism

  7. The Wheel lock • Invented in 16th century • Used serrated wheel and pyrite for ignition • Enabled ambush and hunting • Variants: arquebus and hacquebut (hook gun)

  8. The Flintlock • Flint struck against steel frizzen to produce sparks • Miquelet: external mainspring • True Flintlock: internal mainspring, half-cock safety • Invented by Mann Le Bourgeoys (1615) • Used widely for ~200 years

  9. The Percussion System • Invented by Alexander John Forsyth (1807) • Used mercury fulminate as priming compound • Eliminated need for separate priming powder • Foundation for self-contained cartridges

  10. Pinfire, Rimfire & Centre Fire • Pinfire: breech-loading, popular 1850–1910 • Rimfire: thin-walled cartridge, primer in rim – First revolvers (Smith & Wesson, 1855) • Centre Fire: stronger cases, higher pressures – Milestone in modern ammunition

  11. Rifling • Spiral grooves impart stabilizing spin • Increased accuracy and stability • Invented 15th century (Kollner or Kotter) • Example: German rifles (1450–1500)

  12. Rifling Twist Rate • George Greenhill developed formula • Twist = 150 × D² / L (D=diameter, L=length) • Example: 9mm bullet, 1200 fps, 1:10 twist → 86,400 rpm • Higher twist → better stabilization of long bullets

  13. Revolvers & Pistols • Revolvers: revolving cylinder, multiple chambers – Early examples before 1650 – Samuel Colt popularized design • Self-loading pistols: first successful in 1892 (Schonberger) – Required smokeless powder & advanced cartridges

  14. Rifles & Shotguns • Bolt-action rifles: locking bolt system • Self-loading rifles: short or long recoil action • Pump-action: fore-end slide to reload • Shotguns: single, double-barrel, over/under, side-by-side • Combination guns: shotgun/rifle barrels (drilling, vierling)

  15. Summary • Firearms evolved from hand cannons to modern rifles • Major ignition systems: matchlock, wheel lock, flintlock, percussion • Ammunition systems: pinfire, rimfire, centre fire • Rifling increased accuracy and range • Modern firearms include revolvers, pistols, rifles, and shotguns

  16. OLCPFRS6: FORENSIC BALISTICS CHAPTER 1: FIREARM Presented By:PMSg Marvin Ignacio, AI, Crim, LPT, (MAGAC), MPA THANK YOU & GOD BLESS

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