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Masafumi Nakagawa

Improvement in the Geofencing Service Interface using Indoor Positioning Systems and Mobile Sensors. Masafumi Nakagawa. Shibaura Institute of Technology. Introduction. Location based service (LBS). - Mobile hardware development has improved the availability of positioning services.

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Masafumi Nakagawa

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  1. Improvement in the Geofencing Service Interface using Indoor Positioning Systems and Mobile Sensors Masafumi Nakagawa Shibaura Institute of Technology

  2. Introduction

  3. Location based service (LBS) - Mobile hardware development has improved the availability of positioning services - Positioning accuracy is one of the important issues in location-based services Many significant issues Positioning Mapping - Accuracy - Accuracy - Availability - Representation - Integrity - Reliability - Reliability Information distribution Geofencing - Usability - Usability - Reliability - Availability - Comfort - Security

  4. Mapping Accuracy, Representation, Reliability TIMMS Camera LiDAR Point cloud IMU Encoder Trajectory 3D scanned “indoor space” with Indoor mobile LiDAR

  5. Positioning Accuracy, Availability, Integrity, Reliability Outdoor positioning Indoor positioning Wi-Fi GNSS Lighting tag IMES GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Compass, etc. QZSS QR code RFID Bluetooth Outdoor Indoor Under trees Underground Boundary Mobile interface Network sensors Car navigation Autonomous robot Indoor-Outdoor seamless positioning

  6. Geofencing application Usability, Availability, Comfort Use user location and a predefined set of boundaries on a map - A geofence is generated on a map at a radius around a store or a point location - The geofencing application provides various services using the geofence ①Virtual parameter for a real-world geographic area - Download - Notification ③The mobile device receives notification such as location-based assistance or alerts via email or SMS (location-based burglar alarm, location-based schedule assistance, or cashless purchase applications) Navigation Geofence ②User with a location-aware device enters or exits the geofence

  7. Information distribution (1) Usability, Reliability, Security Pull-based distribution Location data（GPS,IMES,RFID,etc.） - Active download Click a button (icon or link) Download a file or service Augmented reality applications using a camera mounted on a mobile interface have been proposed for use in shopping malls and museums for browsing spatial information Push-based distribution Spatial contents - Passive download Download a file or service Location based information distribution The service provider compels the user to download a file or service from a server Both types of distribution are performed using user location data in LBS

  8. Information distribution (2) Generally, “push-based” is more convenient than “pull-based” - User can enjoy automated delivery of spatial contents - However, “push-based” has a higher probability of including unexpected information - Unexpected information (Unnecessary, deceptive, or erroneous) - Sometimes, attractive information can be found in the unexpected information - However, the user usually receives unwanted information Fishing mails Conventional security software can prevent users from receiving risky mails Advertisements of no interest The software has difficulties in rejecting advertisements of no interest to the user - Timing for receiving notifications The conventional software also has difficulties in controlling the timing for receiving notifications These issues would reduce the usability of positioning services

  9. Location-based notification control Distribution of valid spatial contents to users Conventional approach ①Information selection for distribution using user position and stay time ②Classification between a walk and stop using a power spectrum of data taken from an acceleration sensor - Personal parameters are required to improve the accuracy of information selection (a schedule, personal preferences, daily pattern, walk pattern, gender, and age) - Many sensitive parameters need to be adjusted for individual users - Users should be protected against leakage of personal data - These limitations make such methods unsuitable for public and anonymous services (e.g. museum applications and asset management) Proposed approach - Location and behavior - Without Manual input parameters - Without Personal data (daily data, etc.)

  10. Objective Propose a geofencing application as a push-based distribution paradigm in location-based services - LBS requires the achievement of higher usability and comfort with the filtering of unexpected information distribution - Focus on an improvement in spatial information distribution for mobile interfaces in indoor environments - Propose an approach to estimate user status using location and acceleration data taken from mobile interfaces, without personal data - Control information distribution (notifications) - Control the timing for receiving notifications

  11. Methodology

  12. Methodology User status estimation for the best notifications Acceleration data acquisition Position data acquisition The user status Location estimation Behavior estimation - The local situation of the user (walking or stopped in front of something) User status estimation - The user status was estimated using location and behavior - The user status was used to select the information required for the most useful notifications Notificationcontrol Notification

  13. Methodology Estimate walker status for notification delivery Position and acceleration data acquisition Stop & Go GPS IMES RFID etc. Client Browser Acceleration sensor Receiver Synchronization Notification Download [3] the selected file is sent or distributed to the user or client to be browsed as notifications ①Behavior estimation Location labeling Behavior labeling Status labeling HTML file ②Location estimation Selection [2] the user status is matched with a file (a map, advertisement, and coupon) on the server [1] the user status is uploaded Upload User status Location DB ③User status estimation Data acquisition and real-time analysis ④Notificationcontrol Server

  14. Methodology Estimate user status for notifications ②Location estimation ④Notificationcontrol Stop Location 1 Notification 1 Location 2 Notification 2 Location 3 Notification 3 ①Behavior estimation ・・・ ・・・ Out of geofence Notification A Move ③User status estimation Out of Geofence Move Stop In Geofence Behavior Location

  15. Experiment

  16. Methodology Estimate user status for notifications ②Location estimation ④Notificationcontrol Stop Location 1 Notification 1 Location 2 Notification 2 Location 3 Notification 3 ①Behavior estimation ・・・ ・・・ Out of geofence Notification A Move Targeted segment(User status) Out of Geofence Move Stop In Geofence Behavior Location

  17. Indoor positioning Three types of RF positioning “Floor“ Wi-Fi, etc. “Area” IMES, RFID, etc. “Point” RFID, IR, etc. Total cost Spatial resolution (serviced area) Type Features Low Low Floor Hard to estimate a detailed position Area Landmark based geofences High Point Hard to find a service area High

  18. Indoor Messaging System - One of the indoor positioning systems developed by JAXA - IMES uses a signal compatible with GPS - IMES transmitters are identified using an assigned PRN (pseudo random number) IMES can share hardware (an antenna and receiver) with GPS Same device Short identification data from the IMES transmitters Multi GNSS positioning 3m 10m 10m Focused on the advantage of seamless use in a mobile interface

  19. GPS and IMES receiver and AHRS Combined the IMES receiver and the three-axis acceleration sensor On a wooden board a little larger than a smartphone Connected to a notebook PC (Local server) GPS and IMES receiver AHRS (Attitude and heading reference system) (Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, and JAXA) (MTi, Xsens) Sampling rate: 100 Hz Sampling rate : 1 Hz

  20. Study area Five geofences in Outdoor-Indoor environment Information board Coffee shop (TULLY’s) Outdoor Convenience store (LAWSON) Bar (HUB) IMES transmitter and antenna Indoor Geofences were assigned PRNs between 173 and 176

  21. IMES transmitter arrangement Geofences were covered with directional antennae Antenna Directionalantenna Transmission direction Route Antenna Transmitter and Battery Transmission direction Route

  22. Result

  23. Results Distribute information User stops in geofences No actions User walks in geofences “Position” “Behavior”

  24. Notification control The user status (walk and stop) was recognized in selecting a web file for distribution to the user Behavior Stop / Move Location PRNs User status ID User stops in front of PRN173 ①Context T1[sec] A combination of stop status and location data generated a context (PRN173) Map information ②Delay User stops in front of PRN174 T2[sec] ③HTML file selection (PRN174) TULLY’s Based on the context, suitable web files for the user were presented on a browser after time T2 [s] as push-based information distribution.

  25. Discussions

  26. Discussions Expected three benefits from our approach ① The user can automatically receive only information of interests, based on dynamic information selection corresponding with their status - Unwanted information can be reduced for individual users The user stops to look at an advertisement in front of a store We would receive a recommendation or coupon from the store Case 1 The recommendation would be rejected as ineffective information Case 2 The user passes by the store Case 3 The store can send the user suitable advertisements according to their status ② Can detect a user’s status without personal parameters - Conventional LBS requires private information (schedules, preferences, genders, and ages) to improve accuracy of user status in personal use. - Proposed approach can achieve a precise information distribution using location and acceleration data ③ Can estimate user status using sensors mounted on mobile interfaces - Require the preparation of spatial infrastructure such as transmitters for indoor positioning - Our approach can improve the performance of user status estimation using low-cost sensors mounted on mobile interfaces without precise maps

  27. Discussions Indoor(-Outdoor) LBS Assistance in Facility management Inspection with tablet PC Hands-free inspection with wearable PC Autonomous robot services To achieve higher safety in traffic assistance and autonomous robot services, LBS should also reduce the distribution of unexpected information.

  28. Summary

  29. Summary Improvement in the Geofencing Service Interface using Indoor Positioning System and Mobile Sensors - Focused on an improvement in spatial information distribution for mobile interfaces in indoor environments - Proposed an approach to estimate user status using location and acceleration data taken from mobile interfaces, without personal data - Confirmed that our approach can achieve dynamic information selection based on a combination between the IMES and acceleration sensors in an indoor experiment Future works - A more suitable arrangement of IMES transmitters and antennae to avoid IMES signal multipath - Automated calibration of the IMES signal power in the arrangement of IMES transmitters for indoor seamless positioning

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