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Review for Test on Ancient American Civilizations

Review for Test on Ancient American Civilizations. DBQ Due Tomorrow; TEST THURSDAY! Please make sure you have the definitions for all Vocabulary:. Test Essay. Theme: Culture and Intellectual Life

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Review for Test on Ancient American Civilizations

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  1. Review for Test on Ancient American Civilizations DBQ Due Tomorrow; TEST THURSDAY! Please make sure you have the definitions for all Vocabulary:

  2. Test Essay Theme: Culture and Intellectual Life • Historical Context: Before contact with Europeans, the native cultures of North and South America were quite complex. Each made significant contributions to world history. • Task - Choose two Native American societies (north or south) and for each: • identify the region where the society developed • describe two cultural practices or achievements

  3. Geography and Early History • 30,000 years ago —> Paleolithic hunters and gatherers migrate to Americas • Used land-bridge / canoes down coast • Migrated eastward and southward • Rocky/Sierra Madre Mountains; Andes Mountains • All types of terrain tundra, plains, deserts, rain forests

  4. Olmecs • 1400 to 500 BCE (Mexican Gulf Coast) • Built tombs/temples / pyramid structures • Famous for large stone heads • Mostly unknown • Passed on social/religious elements to other societies • Advanced Calendar

  5. Maya • 300 to 900 CE; Central America (Guatemala) • Cleared dense rainforest to build raised farming fields • Built huge pyramid temples (in Tikal) • Each city had ruling chief  nobles (military and tax collectors); most were farmers • Hieroglyphic writing system • Advanced calendar/astrological observations • Abandoned cities in 900 CE • Warfare • Overpopulation/Over-farming

  6. Aztecs (100 to 1400CE) • Originally nomads; settles in Valley of Mexico • Built chinampas floating crop islands • Central city  Teotihuacan • Huge • Well-planned • Pyramids/buildings • Complex religion • Legend of the Suns • Extensive human sacrifice

  7. Aztec Society • Aztecs had single ruler (emperor chosen by council of nobles and priests) • Emperor  nobles  warriors  commoners (farmers)  slaves • Traded extensively

  8. Early Civilizations of South America • Chavin • Built Huge temple complex in Andes • Worshiped man/jaguar god • Influence on later societies of Peru • Moche • Empire on northern coast of Peru • Skilled farmers (terracing, irrigation and fertilization) • Network of relay runners to carry messages • Built temples out of sun-dried bricks (adobe) • Nazca • Carved religious figures into desert rock (geoglyphs)

  9. Incan Empire • 1438 Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui declares himself emperor; begins to conquer large empire • Emperor was god/king who owned all • Nobles ruled provinces; officials collected taxes and enforced laws • Records were kept on knotted colored strings (quipu)

  10. Incan Achievements • Terrace farming • Advanced system of roads • Metalworking: worked in copper, tin, bronze, silver and gold • Medicine: practiced surgery, basic sterilization and anesthesia • Religion: polytheistic; calendar/temples centered on nature/agriculture

  11. Native North Americans • Grouped by region/environment • Anasazi (Arizona/Desert) • Built large villages  Mesa Verde and Pueblo Bonito • Kiva  underground chamber for religious ceremonies • Built cave housing complexes for protection • Adena/Hopewell (River Valleys-Ohio/Mississippi) • cone/animal shaped mounds (religious)

  12. Native North Americans • Inuit (Arctic/SubArctic ) • hunting and fishing seals and sea mammals • Igloos (dome shaped ice houses) • Iroquois (Northeast Coast) • cleared forest land and built villages • alliance of nations that spoke the same language (Iroquois League) • Best organized group north of Mexico

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