Early Horizon

1. Early Horizon Chronology some interpret style as going back to 1800 BC principal occupation from 800-200 BC Sites in the Highlands Chav�n de Huantar Kuntur Wasi Sites on the Coast Moxeke Garagay

3. Garagay - Initial Period Sculpture

4. Early Horizon - North Coast friezes covering shrine at Cerro Blanco painted adobe columns in Chicama Valley Garagay and Moxeke motifs in painted clay portable objects with Chav�n iconography engraved bone tubes, bone and metal spatulas, small spoons

5. Cupisnique Chronology 1500-400 BC precedes classic highland Chav�n culture by over 600 years Sites Caballo Muerto

6. Caballo Muerto Location Moche Valley 240 km NW of Chav�n de Huantar Features covers 2 km NS x 1 km EW at least 8 major temple mounds probably 2-3 in use at once

7. Caballo Muerto - Chronology three major periods for construction Period I: 1500-1200 BC Period II: 1200-800 BC Period III: 800-400 BC Phases I-II: most impressive constructions each mound is in the shape of a U continuity from Initial Period Phase III: less impressive Chav�n de Huantar related ceramics

8. Caballo Muerto - Sculpture

9. Punkuri - Initial Period Sculpture

10. Moxeke - Temple Sculpture

11. Huaca de los Reyes 2 symmetrical platform mounds series of 58 adobe friezes on faces large adobe heads: human and feline characteristics bipedal figure: presumably human labor costs 100 men full-time for 11.43 years to build second construction phase

12. Huaca de los Reyes

13. Huaca de los Reyes - Sculpture

14. Chongoyape - Goldwork

15. Chav�n de Huantar - Location altitude of 3100 m surrounding peaks typically exceed 5500 m and are glaciated situated in tributary to R�o Mara�on, which flows to the Amazon Pukcha drainage system, composed of Mosna and Huari rivers immediately east of Callej�n de Huaylas

16. Chav�n de Huantar - History large temple found there by Spanish conquistadores research pioneered by Julio Tello in 1919 traced roots of civilization to the eastern slopes recent research by Richard Burger

17. Chav�n de Huantar - Environment average rainfall of 856 mm well suited for farming without irrigation area known for reliable harvests vertical archipelago wide separation between monta�a, yunga, and temple upper reaches of the tropical forest are more distant maximum population of ca. 3000 people

18. Chav�n de Huantar - Architecture in use for about 5 centuries temple consists of a number of rectangular structures 10 m high pyramid temple area terraced to create about 5 ha of level land Old Temple New Temple

19. Chav�n de Huantar - Old Temple honeycomb of stone passages rooms roofed with large slabs of stone connected by ventilating ducts outside walls decorated with tenoned human and animal heads fitted into sockets in the masonry oriented to the cardinal direction, facing east central gallery built around sculpted megalith, 4.5 m (14' 10") high U-shaped sunken plaza is reminiscent of those from coast

20. Chav�n de Huantar -New Temple Black & White Portal south half of white granite north half of black limestone two cylindrical columns each carved with single large figure in flat relief short cornice with frieze of standing bird supported the lintel of the entrance all pieces cut for the positions they occupy image of the deity of the south wing has not been found probably destroyed centuries ago

21. New Temple - B & W Portal

22. Chav�n de Huantar - Temple Chronology old temple constructed first north and south wings forming U-shape additions to the wings on north and south second and third additions to the south include the Black & White Portal

23. Chav�n Art bilateral symmetry with reference to vertical axis repetition of details or whole figures in rows modular width common to a number of art styles in Peru series of bands of approximately equal width non-linear features accomodated to the modular framework may be related to early textile production representation of anatomical features as geometric figures eyes represented by circles, ovals, lenses, or rectangles use of "kennings�

24. John Rowe�s �Kennings� visual comparisons suggested by substitution term comes from Old Norse poetry coined by 13th century scholar poetry itself referred to as "Odin's mead" simile - "her hair is like a nest of snakes" metaphor - "her hair is a nest of snakes" kenning = substituion - "her nest of snakes" examples in Chavin art projecting appendage from the body becomes a tongue smaller body appendages are snakes used to indicate hair or feathers

25. Chav�n Art - Common Motifs mouth of almost any creature is snarling mouth of a cat teeth bared and long canines overlapping the lips used for humans, snakes, and even birds may be used to indicate divinity can be viewed in different ways reversible organization (can be turned 90 or 270 degrees)

26. Chav�n Artistic Conventions

27. Chav�n - Artistic Conventions

28. Chav�n - Artistic Conventions

29. Chav�n - Lanz�n or Great Image human form with figurative elaboration standing, with left arm at his side and right arm raised hands are open and hold nothing ear pendants, necklace, tunic, and girdle hair is snakes and girdle is a chain of faces large mouth is upturned, with upper canines only teeth and lower lip may have been added later lower lip is out of line with upper one

30. Chav�n - Tello Obelisk discovered near SW corner of sunken court in 1908 two mythological cayman figures Great Cayman of the Sky marked by harpy eagle Great Cayman of the Water and Underworld marked by Spondylus and Strombus indicated with a penis represent and female associated with symbols of agriculture representative of shamanism

31. Chav�n - Smiling God discovered in December of 1956 holds Spondylus and Strombus shells Cordy-Collins suggests two shells have sexual meaning bivalve (female) on left gastropod (male) on right Kogi of Colombia believe in this difference between shells may be an androgynous deity fertility gods are often unambiguously one or the other

32. Chav�n - Stela de Yauya design not only on flat side of stone but on both edges only half has been preserved two caymans, represented face to face

33. Yauya Stela

34. Chav�n - Black & White Portals each column ornamented with one figure positioned as supernatural attendants figures are standing, each with a sword/club across its body bird attributes of south column are those of an eagle

35. New Temple - B & W Portal

36. Black Portal Relief

37. White Portal Relief

38. Chav�n - Raimondi Stone found in 1840 reportedly stood on the west terrace near the sunken plaza brought to Lima by geographer Antonio Raimondi in 1874 6'5" long and 2'5" wide meant to be set vertically, probably in a wall alternatively, it could have been mounted overhead Staff God interpreted by Rowe as more important than Smiling God

39. Chav�n - Raimondi Stela

40. Chav�n Outside Chav�n de Huantar Characteristics stone sculpture rare away from Chav�n de Huantar Cerro Sech�n is a major exception no Chav�n influence found in Apurimac or Cuzco areas

41. Early Horizon - Northern Highlands Kuntur Wasi modelled head reminiscent of tenoned head low relief of double-profile face carved stelae Pacopampa two standing jaguars statue of Staff Goddess Za�a Valley 17 paintings on cliffs of Monte Calavario one depicts Staff God in yellow, white, green, and brown felines, birds, and another anthropomorphic figure

42. Early Horizon - Karwa located on south coast cemetery is 8 km south of Paracas Necropolis location noted by Tello huaqueros located a large, rectangular tomb in 1970 reportedly contained the remains of several individuals over 200 fragments of decorated cloth

43. Karwa Textiles may have been used as mummy wrappings may have been hangings decorating Chav�n shrine at Ica coastal adaptation of highland style female representations of Staff Deity sometimes shown with cotton bolls emerging from headdress and staffs wife or daughter of Raimondi Stone Staff God may be patron and/or donor of cotton rayed circle motif identified as cut section of hallucinogenic San Pedro cactus Note: cotton and cactus are absent on the Tello Obelisk

44. Early Horizon - Textiles use of camelid hair in cotton textiles textile painting supplemental discontinuous warps (incl. kinds of tapestry) dying of camelid hair warp wrapping negative or resist painting techniques

45. Early Horizon - Metals Chongoyape find large objects of hammered gold repouss� decoration soldering alloying of silver and gold

46. Chav�n Stylistic Chronology A/B- Great Image C - Tello Obelisk D - Black & White Portal sculptures E/F - Raimondi Stela

47. Chav�n Absolute Chronology Urabarriu Phase (850-460 BC) Chankinani Phase (460-390 BC) Jainbarriu Phase (390-200 BC)

48. Urabarriu Phase (850-460 BC) earliest encountered at Chav�n de Huantar large-scale construction at site construction of monumental wall canalization of river construction of bridge connecting upper and lower barrios temple established ca. 800 BC

49. Chankinani Phase (460-390 BC) concentration of occupation around temple

50. Jainbarriu Phase (390-200 BC) settlement covered 42 ha corresponds to most active period of temple activity also correspond to Ocucaje 1 in Ica Valley ceramics broad incisions in leather-hard paste rocker-stamping, dentate rocker-stamping, appliqu� nubbins graphite paint within broad incisions on red-slipped vessels traits found from Pacopama to Ica zoned polychrome resin painting

51. Interpreting Chav�n Berger suggests "crisis cult"connected to El Ni�o events system of social classes had been in place by end of Intitial Period radical change might call for new ideology other factors changes in intensity of trade possibility of military conquest