MULTIPROCESSOR AND DATABASE IN OS

1. MULTIPROCESSOR AND DATABASE OS Database Operating Systems Features of Android OS Features Ubuntu Features Google Chrome OS Features Linux operating systems By, LAKSHMI.S, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, SRI ADI CHUNCHANAGIRI WOMEN’S COLLEGE, CUMBUM.

2. Database operating system • A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. A database is usually controlled by a Database Management System (DBMS). • The most common types of databases in operation today is typically modeled in rows and columns in a series of tables to make processing and data querying efficient. • The data can then be easily accessed, managed, modified, updated, controlled, and organized. Most databases use Structured Query Language (SQL) for writing and querying data. Types of databases • Centralized database • Distributed database • Personal database • NoSQL database • Relational database • Cloud database • Object-oriented database • Graph database

3. Types of databases CENTRALIZED DATABASE It is a centralized location, and users from different backgrounds can access this data. This type of computers databases store application procedures that help users access the data even from a remote location. DISTRIBUTED DATABASE A distributed database is a type of database that has contributions from the common database and information captured by local computers. In this type of database system, the data is not in one place and is distributed at various organizations. PERSONAL DATABASE A personal database is used to store data stored on personal computers that are smaller and easily manageable. The data is mostly used by the same department of the company and is accessed. NOSQL DATABASE NoSQL database is used for large sets of distributed data. There are a few big data performance problems that are effectively handled by relational databases. This type of computers database is very efficient in analyzing large-size unstructured data.

4. RELATIONAL DATABASE This type of database defines database relationships in the form of tables. It is also called Relational DBMS, which is the most popular DBMS type in the market. Database example of the RDBMS system include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server database. CLOUD DATABASE A cloud database is a database which is optimized or built for such a virtualized environment. There are so many advantages of a cloud database, some of which can pay for storage capacity and bandwidth. It also offers scalability on-demand, along with high availability. OBJECT-ORIENTED DATABASE This type of computers database supports the storage of all data types. The data is stored in the form of objects. The objects to be held in the database have attributes and methods that define what to do with the data. PostgreSQL is an example of an object-oriented relation database GRAPH DATABASE A graph-oriented database uses graph theory to store, map, and query relationships. These kinds of computers databases are mostly used for analyzing interconnections. For example, an organization can use a graph database to mine data about customers from social media.

5. ADVANTAGES OF DATABASES • Reduced data redundancy • Reduced updating errors and increased consistency • Greater data integrity and independence from application programs • Improved data access to users through the use of host and query languages • Improved data security • Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs • Disadvantages of using Databases

6. ANDROID OS Android is an Open Source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers. Android was developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies. The first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was released by Google in 2007 where as the first commercial version. Android 1.0, was released in September 2008. On June 27, 2012, at the Google I/O conference, Google announced the next Android version, 4.1 Jelly Bean. Jelly Bean is an incremental update, with the primary aim of improving the user interface, both in terms of functionality and performance. The source code for Android is available under free and open source software licenses. Google publishes most of the code under the Apache License version 2.0 and the rest, Linux kernel changes, under the GNU General Public License version 2.

7. FEATURES OF ANDROID OS Beautiful UI Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface. Connectivity GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and WiMAX. Storage SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes. Media support H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP. Messaging SMS and MMS Web browser Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3. Multi-touch Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero

8. Multi-touch • Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero. • Multi-tasking • User can jump from one task to another and same time various application can run simultaneously. • Resizable widgets • Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them to show more content or shrink them to save space. • Multi-Language • Supports single direction and bi-directional text. • GCM • Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that lets developers send short message data to their users on Android devices, without needing a proprietary sync solution • Wi-Fi Direct • A technology that lets apps discover and pair directly, over a high-bandwidth peer-to-peer connection. • Android Beam • A popular NFC-based technology that lets users instantly share, just by touching two NFC-enabled phones together.

9. History of Android The code names of android ranges from A to N currently, such as Aestro, Blender, Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwitch, Jelly Bean, KitKat, Lollipop and Marshmallow. Let's understand the android history in a sequence.

10. Ubuntu Features What Is Ubuntu? Ubuntu is a Linux-based operating system. Ubuntu is designed for smart phones, network servers, and computers. It is developed by Canonical Ltd, which is a UK-based company. Ubuntu is popular in universities and research groups because it combines all the features of Unix OS with a customizable graphical user interface. For example, LibreOffice and Firefox.

11. UBUNTU FEATURES • Office Software • In Ubuntu, we have software called LibreOffice, via which we can create professional documents, spreadsheets, and presentations. LibreOffice is an open-source office suite that is compatible with Microsoft Office. That means we can open and modify files such as Word documents, PowerPoint, and Excel spreadsheets and share them with other people easily and quickly. Google docs can also be used directly from our desktop. • An Open-Source Operating System • In Ubuntu, our code is openly shared during the development cycle. We're transparent about our plans for future releases, so as a developer, hardware manufacturer, or OEM, we can start developing Ubuntu applications and systems right now. • Email • Thunderbird, Mozilla's famous email applications is included with Ubuntu, so we'll have quick access to our email from our desktop. Email works regardless of the email service we use, such as Microsoft Exchange, Hotmail, Gmail, POP 3, or IMAP. • Web Browsing • Ubuntu and Firefox, both famed for their speed and security, make browsing the web a pleasure once more. Ubuntu now supports Chrome and other browsers, which we can get via the Ubuntu Software Centre.

12. Photos • Ubuntu has a plethora of free apps to let you enjoy, edit, manage and share the photos-whatever camera you use to take photos. With excellent support for cameras and phones, we won't require any additional drivers to get started. • In Ubuntu, we can easily and quickly import, edit, organize and view our photos using Shot well. We can also share our favourite photos on any of the famous websites and social media platforms. • Gaming • In Ubuntu, from Sudoku to first-person shooters, we have a number of games that will keep us engaged for hours. There are thousands of games, including titles from the Unity and Steam platforms. Choice from critically acclaimed titles like Dota2, Kerbal Space Program, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, and Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel. • A Whole World of Apps • Thousands of apps are available for download on Ubuntu. Most of them are free to download and install with just a few clicks. For example, VLC player, Firefox, Chromium, Telegram, PyCharm, Skype, Spotify, Atom, Slack, etc. • Backed by Canonical • Canonical is a multinational software company that offers commercial, design, and engineering support to the project of Ubuntu. Hundreds of laptops and workstations have been pre-installed with Ubuntu by Ubuntu's hardware enablement team throughout the world.

13. No Antivirus • In the Windows environment, security practices are extremely contradictory. Most of the same companies which write Windows software also make millions of dollars providing hogging applications that safeguard Windows apps from security issues. Although Ubuntu is not malware protected, it is as secure as it needs to be for most users right out of the box, even without the addition of any expensive antivirus scanners. • Hardware Auto configuration • Another feature of Ubuntu is hardware auto configuration. Most hardware drivers are already included in Ubuntu. Anybody who has installed a Windows generic version of Windows (i.e., one that has not been pre-configured by a PC vendor to work with specific hardware) understands how convenient it is not to spend hours looking for drivers after the operating system has been installed. • Software Repositories • It's a tremendous advantage to install a number of applications from the repositories of Ubuntu in some clicks. Apart from the fact that the software is free and safer than .exe packages, which are downloaded from random websites, installing programs from a centralized location is far more convenient. • Multiple Desktops • The virtual desktops are similar to tabbed web browsing- we do not understand how beneficial they are until we use them. There are various third-party tools for achieving the same capability on Windows, but few of them perform properly with Vista and higher, in our experience.

14. ADVANTAGES OF UBUNTU • Ubuntu is free and an open-source operating system • Ubuntu is more secure • Ubuntu runs without install • Ubuntu supports window tiling • Ubuntu is more resource-friendly • Ubuntu is completely customizable • A well-rounded operating system for desktop computing • Minimal hardware or system requirements

15. FEATURES LINUX OS WHAT IS LINUX? • Linux is one of popular version of UNIX operating System. It is open source as its source code is freely available. It is free to use. Linux was designed considering UNIX compatibility. Its functionality list is quite similar to that of UNIX. FEATURES OF LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM : • Portable Environment Linux software operates flawlessly on a variety of hardware platforms. Without the worry of incompatibility, individuals can use Linux operating system on any device. It runs the same way on both high-end and low-end hardware. • Free and Open-Source Its source code is available for anybody to use and alter. Many developers collaborate in organizations to improve and strengthen Linux, and lots of developers constantly work on updating the Linux system. • Shell/ Command-line Interface The Linux system includes essential programs that users can utilize in order to issue commands to the operating system for executing the design flawlessly. You may also direct it to carry out various forms of Linux commands for effectively carrying out the applications.

16. End-to-end encryption • Authentication can help you keep your data protected. Before you may access some critical files, the Linux Operating System requires you to enter a password. Furthermore, the Linux environment allows users to encrypt their data. • Graphical User Interface (GUI) • Linux Operating System comes with Graphical User Interface (GUI) abilities in the same way you can with Windows. Similarly, users can install the programs, and the computer graphics will begin to work in the same way that Windows does. • Configure Keyboards into Different Languages • Because Linux is available in various languages, it is simple to use it worldwide. As a result, you can change the language on your keyboard as per your preference. • Frequent New Updates • Software updates are controlled by the users in Linux. Individuals have the option to pick and choose which updates are required, and there are a plethora of system updates accessible. These upgrades happen considerably more quickly than on other operating systems. Therefore, system upgrades can be deployed without difficulty.

17. Lightweight Infrastructure • Linux is a highly lightweight operating system. Linux has far fewer prerequisites than any other operating system, has a smaller memory footprint, and uses less storage space. Typically, you'll find a Linux Distro with only 128MB of RAM and around the same amount of disc space. • \ • Extremely Flexible • Linux is highly flexible, and a variety of desktop applications, embedded systems, and server applications can benefit from the same. It also offers a number of computer-specific limitation settings for admins to allow only essential components to get installed. • Best For Developers • Linux supports nearly every popular programming language, including C/C++, Java, Python, Ruby, etc. Furthermore, it provides a wide range of development-related applications. • A majority of developers all around the world prefer the Linux terminal over the Windows command line. On a Linux system, the package manager aids programmers in understanding how things are performed. It also comes with features like bash scripting and supports SSH that aids in the speedy management of servers.

18. FEATURES OF GOOGLE CHROME GOOGLE CHROME OPERATING SYSTEM? Google Chrome Operating system is made specifically for notebooks and tablets. It was introduced by Google LLC in 2009. It was created on top of Linux Kernel. It works on the ARM and Intel X86 chips. It is a cloud-based operating system. Google Chrome comes with an automatic upgrade system. The upgrades take place when connected to the internet and do not need any manual intervention. Several applications can be opened on Google Chrome using different tabs.

19. HISTORY • The Chrome Operating System was announced on the 7 th Of July 2009, by Google LLC. The Chrome OS was formerly designed for Netbooks and Personal Computers. The Chrome OS is feasible with the Hard Disk Drives (HDD). • In November that year, the open-source project was released as “Chromium OS”. Google Chrome, is one of the most used browsers in the world today. Apart from being the most famous browser, it is an open-source browser as well. • The people using the computers having Google Chrome, experience ease of use by doing most of their work online on the cloud with very minimal or no need of downloading any programs or applications • The personal computers that use Chrome get several updates and also receive security. • Working and storing data using Google’s cloud computing services can be done using Google Chrome browser. E.g. Microsoft Office web apps can be accessed using Google Chrome.

20. Features of Google chrome • Hardware • The laptops which use the Chrome OS are called Chromebooks. In 2012, Samsung released a desktop design called Chromebox. It was commercially launched in 2015 after the official partnership of AOPEN and Samsung. Chromebase was another Chrome OS enabled device. It was developed by LG Electronics in 2014. It had Chromebox hardware, monitor, camera, microphone, and speakers. In 2015, Chromebit was released. It is an HDMI Dongle that runs Chrome OS. It converts a computer monitor or TV display into a personal computer. • Software • The updates to the software have a limited lifespan. The end-of-life span of the software is mentioned on the “About Chrome OS”-” Additional Details”. All the software developed from 2020 would have a lifespan of at least 8 years. • Battery life • Work and play with up to 12 hours on a single charge.* With Chromebook, you don’t even need to remember your charger. Battery life may vary based on device and upon usage and other conditions. • Security • Security, built-in. With features like built-in virus protection and secure support for multiple users, Chromebook keeps you and your data protected.

21. Built-in virus protection • Built-in virus protection defends your Chromebook from malware automatically. You can focus on what you need to do, instead of installing third-party security software. • Sandboxing • Chrome OS keeps different software on your Chromebook separate with Sandboxing. So even if one part gets infected, the rest is designed to stay safe. • Verified boot • Every time your Chromebook starts up, it goes through Verified Boot — a rigorous and seamless security check-up in the background that prevents malware. • Applications of the Chrome OS • Chrome Apps- The developers of the OS, are asked to develop Chrome Apps which would be similar to the popular applications which are offline, which can be launched outside the Chrome browser and which are interactive in nature with multiple windows functionality. e.g. Media player and Google Docs • Android applications- In 2016, Google showcased its ability to run Android apps on Chrome OS supported devices. It had also introduced Apps Runtime for Chrome, which was later scrapped due to failure in the testing phase. • Linux Apps- Linux apps can be run on Google OS by making use of Crouton. Google announced that desktop Linux apps would officially be available in Chrome OS.

22. ADVANTAGES OF GOOGLE CHROME • The Chrome operating system is lightweight and cloud-based. • The complicated programs not present on the cloud cannot be accessed. • It needs a constant internet connection to function. • The Google Chrome Operating System is an open-source technology. • The source code is available to the people. • The source code can be easily downloaded without any cost. • The Google Chrome operating system revolves around and resolves the need of people to use the internet and internet-related browsing and services.

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