the high tide of imperialism

1. The High Tide of Imperialism

2. The Spread of Colonial Rule Expansion into Africa and Asia �Christians and Spices� said Vasco da gama raw materials and markets The Motives Economic National Grandeur Moral purposes The Tactics From: Limited to controlling regional trade network and established a few footholds for trade and missionary work To: solidifying hold over their territories for security control, national prestige, before economic interests

3. The Spread of Colonial Rule, cont�d Global land grab By 1900, almost all Africa and Asia under colonial rule Exceptions: Japan Strategy of political and economic reform Thailand Used as buffer state Afghanistan and Ethiopia Remote location and mountainous terrain Iran

4. The Colonial System Resistance from societies with long traditions of national cohesion Direct and indirect rule Philosophy of Colonialism Social Darwinism � �survival of the fittest� Comfortable theory: brought benefits of Western democracy, capitalism, and Christianity to tradition-ridden societies Enabled primitive peoples to adapt to challenges of modern world Ignored brutal aspects of colonialism; persuaded that both parties would benefit

5. The Colonial System, cont�d Assimilation or Association? The French rationalization Assimilation: Transform colonial societies in the Western image Association: Collaboration with local elites while leaving local traditions alone Aroused resentment among local population Returned to �force by arms� The British No assimilation - treated subjects as culturally and racially distinct

6. India Under the British Raj Territories owned by East India Company, British crown, local maharajas, and rajas Colonial Reforms Order and stability Education - Thomas Babington Macaulay Educated elites, and girls Outlawed sati, ended brigandage, thuggee Introduced railroads, the telegraph, and postal service Costs of Colonialism British textiles supplanted Indian textile industry Zamindar system Failed to bring benefits of modern science and technology Psychological effects

7. India Under British Rule, 1805-1931

8. The Company Resident and His Puppet

9. Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia �Opportunity in the Orient�: The Colonial Takeover in Southeast Asia British � Malayan peninsula: Singapore, Burma French � Indochina: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos American � Philippines The Nature of Colonial Rule Indirect rule and some direct rule Administration and Education Slow to create democratic institutions Slow to adopt educational reforms Economic Development Reluctant to take up �white man�s burden� Slow economic development

10. Colonialism and the Countryside Many continued to live by subsistence agriculture Emphasis of cash crops for exports created plantation agriculture Peasants worked as wage laborers on rubber and tea plantations for poverty wages �shanghaied� Taxes and population growth were a burden on rural areas Migration to the sitty led to squatter settlements modern economy created �Modernizing elite� or entrepreneurial class

11. Colonial Southeast Asia

13. Empire Building in Africa The Growing European Presence in West Africa Slave trade Abolished by all major countries in the world by 1880s �Legitimate trade� More permanent presence Gold Coast and Sierra Leone Liberia New class of Africans �Informal Empire� Imperialist Shadow over the Nile Napoleon Muhammad Ali Suez Canal, 1854-1869 Sudan Algiers

14. The Opening of the Suez Canal

15. The Suez Canal

16. Empire Building in Africa Arab Merchants and European Missionaries in East Africa Increase slave trade for plantation agriculture in East Africa and islands off the coast R�union (sugar), Zanzibar (cloves) Rise of Western interest against slave trade and Christian missionary activity David Livingstone � 1841 Abolitionist cause Slave market at Zanzibar closed in 1873

17. Legacy of Shame

18. Bantus, Boers, and British in South Africa Boers � Afrikaans-speaking farmers Great Trek � mid-1830s Believed that white superiority was ordained by god Set up the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal) British Abolished slavery in British Empire in 1834 More sympathetic to rights of local African population Zulus, a Bantu people, fought Europeans but were defeated and confined to reservations

19. The Struggle for Southern Africa

20. The Scramble for Africa European rivalries Trade Missionary factor Superiority in firearms Belgium�s claim on the Congo Conference of Berlin, 1884 Britain and France at Fashoda; France backs down

21. Colonialism in Africa European governments ruled with least effort and expense Indirect Rule in West Africa Preserve African political traditions because thought Africans were inherently inferior to white race so incapable of adopting European customs and institutions Relied on existing political elites and institutions Cameroon Nigeria

22. Africa in 1914

23. Colonialism in Africa, cont�d British Rule in East Africa Kenya White settlers sought self-government and dominion status, but British avoided racial tensions. British established separate government organs for European and African populations British Rule in South Africa Higher percentage of European settlers Growing division between English-speaking and Afrikaner elements Discovery of gold and diamonds source of problems Boer War � British defeated Afrikaans Concession: gave power to vote only to whites in self-governing colonies British created independent Union of South Africa for Afrikaans in 1910 Cape Colony, Natal, and Boer republics Representative government only for European population British: Basutoland (Lesotho), Bechuanaland (Botswana), Swaiziland, Rhodesia

24. Revere the Conquering Heroes

25. Colonialism in Africa, cont�d Direct Rule, French style Direct rule � centralized administrative system Governor-general, commissioners, local administrators Assimilate Africans into French culture rather than preserve natives traditions Africans eligible to run for office and serve in French National Assembly Relative absence of racist attitudes, superiority of Gallic culture, belief in universality of human nature

26. Women in Colonial Africa Mixed impact on rights and status of women in Africa Sexual relationships changed Colonial governments tried to bring an end to forced marriage, bodily mutilations (clitoridectomy), and polygamy. Missionaries educated women and encouraged them to organize themselves to defend their interests End of matrilineal systems: European settlers dealt with males while women restricted to traditional farming methods Men used chemical fertilizer, women used manure Men transported goods using bikes and trucks, women carried goods on heads Restrictions on women�s freedom

28. The Emergence of Anticolonialism Stirrings of Nationhood Imperialism brought a consciousness of modern nationhood Introduction of western ideas of citizenship and representative government New elite Traditional Resistance: A Precursor to Nationalism Led by existing ruling class Resistance in India Peasant revolts

29. Religious Resentment Sudan � Mahdi � strong Islamic overtones India - The Sepoy Rebellion � 1857 Sipahi, horseman or soldier � native troops hired to protect British interests Enfield rifle had cartridges covered with animal fat or lard which had to be bitten off Hindus do not eat animal products and Muslims do not eat pork Full-scale mutiny supported by uprisings in rural areas British suppressed rebellion with arms and armies

30. Discussion Questions What were the causes of the new imperialism of the 19th C, and how did it differ from European expansion in earlier periods? What were some of the major consequences of British rule in India, and how did they affect the Indian people? What factors were behind the �scramble for Africa,� and what impact did it have on the continent? How did the subject peoples respond to colonialism, and what role did nationalism play in their response?