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Visual Disorders

Eye Injuries

Czarina1
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Visual Disorders

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  1. Visual Disorders Macular Degeneration Eye Injuries Prepared by: Czarina Sales, RN

  2. What is Macular Degeneration? Macular Degeneration is a group of progressive eye conditions which involve deterioration of the macula, the central region of the retina. Partial list of types of Macular Degeneration: • Age-Related Macular Degeneration • Juvenile Macular Degeneration or Macular Dystrophy • Stargardt’s Disease, a type of Juvenile Macular Degeneration

  3. RISK FACTORS for MACULAR DEGENERATION • Smoking • Family history of the disease • Obesity • High blood pressure • Having a lighter eye color • Possible side effect of some drugs

  4. SOCIETAL IMPACT • Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD or AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in Americans over the age of 60. • Estimations say 10 million Americans will experience ARMD during their lifetime.

  5. There are two general types of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: • “Dry” (non-neovascular or atrophic) • Early stage, less severe • 85%-95% of cases  • Most common symptom is burry vision  • 3 Stages: Early, Intermediate, & Advanced • “Wet” (neovascular or exudative) • More severe than “Dry” ARMD • Early symptom: Straight lines appear wavy • Central vision blind spots develop • Two sub-types: Occult & Classic

  6. CHANGES IN THE MACULA

  7. How is it diagnosed? If retinal damage is suspected, an ophthalmologist will perform a retinal exam.

  8.  Fluorescein angiography and Indocyanine green angiography are used to examine the retinal and choroidal blood vessels. • In “Wet” ARMD unwanted, proliferating blood vessels leak blood & fluid causing permanent damage to light-sensitive retinal cells. • In “Dry” ARMD yellowish waste deposits, called drusen form on the retina.

  9. An Amsler grid assists with diagnosis of Macular Degeneration.    An Amsler grid is a tool that eye doctors use to detect vision problems resulting from damage to the macula. The lines may look wavy if you have Early “Dry” ARMD. Small blind spots may appear in your vision as dry macular degeneration progresses.

  10. What impact does ARMD have on the vision? • Distorted Vision • Loss of sharp, central vision needed for reading, driving, etc. • Difficulty seeing fine detail • Difficulty seeing color clearly

  11. What will improve the lives of individuals with ARMD? • Low vision aids such as magnifiers • UV protected sunglasses • Proper lighting for near tasks • Regular visits to your ophthalmologist or optometrist

  12. Treatments Dry AMD Wet AMD Lucentis-monthly eye injections inhibiting the proteins that stimulate new blood vessel growth Macugen-eye injections of therapeutic molecule attacking new blood vessel growth proteins inside the eye every six weeks Photodynamic Therapy-injection of Visudyne in the arm which is activated in retinal blood vessels by laser shining into the eye, producing chemical reaction that kills new blood vessels • No FDA approved treatments are available for this type of AMD • A few are in clinical trials • Strong evidence has shown that supplements of vitamins A, C, and E can slow the progression of the sight loss • Recommended to wear UV protection over eyes

  13. References • 1. About AMD. Retrieved July 25, 2009, from http://www.eyeonamd.com/EyeOnAMD/about-amd.html • 2. Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Retrieved July 25, 2009, from http://www.nei.nih.gov/health/maculardegen/armd_facts.asp • 3. American Macular Degeneration Foundation. Stargardt’s Disease. Retrieved on July 26, 2009, from http://www.macular.org/stargardts.html • 4. Dictionary of Eye Terminology 5th Edition. Barbara Cassin and Melin L. Rubin, Editor. 2006. Gainesville, Fl, pg 167. • 5. Ken Moses, Ph. D. The Impact of Childhood Disability: The Parent’s Struggle. Retrieved July 26, 2009 from http://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache:FVUA1bWMnmAJ:www.dsact.com/images/docs/theimpact08.pdf+ken+moses+disabled&hl=en&gl=us • 6. Liz Segre. Amsler Grid: Test for Macular Degeneration or Other Vision Problems. Retrieved July 25, 2009, from http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/amsler-grid.htm • 7. Marika Veisson. Depression Symptoms and Emotional States in Parents of Disabled and Non-Disabled Children. Retrieved July 26, 2009, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3852/is_199901/ai_n8851290/ • 8. Marilyn Maddrill. Macular Degeneration. Retrieved July 25, 2009, from http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/amd.htm • 9. Marilyn Maddrill. Stargardt's Disease (Fundus Flavimaculatus). Retrieved July 26, 2009, from http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/stargardts.htm • 10. Richard L. Windsor, O.D., F.A.A.O. and Laura K. Windsor, O.D., F.A.A.O. Understanding Stargardt’s Disease. Retrieved July 26, 2009, from http://www.lowvision.org/stargardts.htm

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